TEXT: Elementary College Geometry by Africk
Geometry Labs by Henri Picciotto. Videos from Khan Academy.
A ratio is just a fancy name for a comparison between 2 quantities, usually with the same units. For instance, the ratio of the mass of the earth to that of the moon is about 80 to 1 and for the diameter it is about 4 to 1. In other words, the earth, 80 times as massive as the moon, will appear 4 times as wide to an outside observer. Click here for more planetary ratio information.
A proportion is an equation stating that 2 ratios or fractions are equal. There are 2 principal tasks with proportions.
- To be in proportion: determine whether the proportion is true, in another words whether 2 ratios are equal. Click here if you are not familiar with this.
- Assume that a proportion is true and solve for unknown:
Often the proportion with an unknown is associated with a word problem:
Here are some additional word problems solved using proportions.
If the proportion is a:b=c:d, then the means are “b” and “c” and the extremes are “a” and “d”. Switching the means or extremes produces equivalent proportions, e.g., a:b=c:d is true if and only if a:c=b:d is true. A common solution technique, cross-multiplication, can be stated: the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes.
Similar planar figures have the same shape but may be of different sizes. In other contexts, such as architecture or biology, the concept is scale drawings. Polygon similarity means (1) corresponding angles are the same and (2) corresponding sides are in proportion. In general, to determine similarity, it is not enough to have just information about angles or sides. For example, 2 rectangles have the same angles but are not necessarily similar; the ratio between consecutive sides is arbitrary. Rhombi have equal sides, yet may not be similar. Thinking of vertices as hinges, open them up equally to get a square or close them at 2 opposite vertices to get a skinny diamond.
To get similar triangles, it is enough to know that either their angles (AAA) are equal or their sides are in proportion RRR (SSS). In fact, it is enough to know that just 2 sets of angles are equal (AA) since we get the third set of equal angles for free (the 3 angles of a triangle sum to 180°). More surprising, it is enough to know 2 pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion and their included angles are equal RAR (SAS). The first half of this video is a problem requiring RAR (SAS). For a wider exposition of the topic, see the KA video parts I and II; more exercises.
Note: Don’t get confused with our abbreviations. We will encounter SSS and SAS again but in the context of equal or congruent triangles (equal sides as well as angles). Hence, we the instructors have decided to use RRR in place of SSS and RAR in place of SAS (R stands for “ratio”).
Lab 10.1 will give you hands on experience with the geoboard and is designed to cement notions from the day’s material, including scaling and similarity. To do problems 4 and 5, you should be familiar with the notion of slope. Here is a mildly annoying rap video on the subject which you may find humorous.
Check out how a teacher uses a mirror to calculate the heights of students in her class. [On p. 24 of your geometry textbook, the angles of incidence and reflection are defined as in this diagram. In physics, the angles defined are the respective complements. However, the statement “angle of reflection = angle of incidence” is valid for both sets of definitions.]
Pr. Halleck
So today I was a lil bit confused I didn’t quite understand the lab, but working in a group helped me a lil to understand it better. It’s had been a long time since I learned about finding the Slope of a line so it was a bit misunderstood, but eventually I got it and was able to complete the lab questions.
Prof. Reitz
The cup cake problem was fun and helped me, it made me learn the material better.
Pro. Reitz
At the end of class i was confused as to AAA or SAS but after reading the notes here i got a better understanding of it.
George Duncan
I wasnt sure about the lab we did at first it was kind of confusing. As we worked on it it began to slowly come back to me. I realize that there is a lot of things i learned in the past that I dont remember.
the handout was hard to read and understand. But its helpful after all.
Mr. Reitz
Tamika Cadet
The way the problems were worded on the handout made it a little bit confusing for me to understand exactly what it was that I needed to do. After reading it over a few times, and with the help of my group members I had a better understanding of what I needed to do.
Rebecca Kogan
Professor Halleck
I enjoyed todays class because I’m familiar with RRR and SAS. The lab was fairly simple and working in a group made it a lot easier to understand the work. Slope was a bit more complicated but after doing a few examples I got the hang of it.
Shakirah Greenidge
Professor Halleck
This class was interesting and, of course, I learned something new. I am already familiar with the proofs for triangles and so forth. I’m just not sure why we didn”t go as in depth as we could have.