incursions: a sudden attack

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incursions

” protected from alien incursions”

purists: a person who has very strong ideas

” texting shorthand Annoys purists”

It’s saying that people who don’t use big words a lot annoys others who uses big words.

luminaries : A traditional Mexican Lantern

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/luminaria

‘ Attempted and failed by Luminaries…”

trough ; a long low area between waves and hills

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trough

‘ No more rough, trough, thought, through…..”

The way it is spelled they are using it in a short word form.

realignment : to change the position or direction

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/realignment

‘ The realignment of spelling with a sound ‘

Changing the position of the way it is spelled.

Parliament: group of people who are responsible for making the laws

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parliament

‘ A member of Parliament put her object in writing’

One of the members went against the writing about English uses.

Arbiters – a person who is considered to be an authority on what is good

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arbiters

‘ One of the arbiters of the international use of English, seems to be giving round. ‘

It’s saying that a good person was going around and was using English worldwide.

Linguists – a person who speaks several languages

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/linguists

” Texting also according to linguists has 3 characteristics — …..”

It’s saying that people who speak different languages know that their are different ways of talking.

Lexicographical – the making of a dictionary

Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lexicographical

‘ The vocabulary of text messaging realizes an old lexicographical dream ‘

It means that text messages shows that its an old making of a dictionary.

Minimalist; following a style in literature

Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/minimalist

‘ Minimalist form of the language that some call irrelevant and many schoolteachers say is an insult to the English language ‘

The sentence is trying to say that they are trying to follow a different form of literature to insult the English language.