Author: Andrew Barshtein

Steven Heller’s “Underground Mainstream”

• In your opinion, is there a difference between “underground” and “mainstream” today? Why?
• Heller identifies a few underground movements, like 1960s psychedelia, that turned mainstream; which ones does he identify? And can you think of any others?
• Provide a

 Roland Barthes’ “Rhetoric of the Image“ essay from Image – Music – Text, Translated by Stephen Heath. Hill and Wang, 1977. (excerpt)

• Define and identify the three types of messages that Barthes breaks down in the Panzani advertisement (linguistic, coded iconic, non-coded

Armstrong, Helen. Graphic Design Theory: Readings From the Field, Princeton Architectural Press, 2009. Navigate to pages 55-63. In another tab open Margaret Rhodes, The Swiss Designers Breaking Tradition

• How do each of these designers/authors think you should approach design?
• Include an example of 

F.T. Marinetti, Manifesto of Futurism; Aleksandr Rodchenko, Who We Are: Manifesto of the Constructivist Group; and El Lissitzky, Our Book are found in our main text Graphic Design Theory: Readings From the Field by Helen Armstrong on pages 19-31.

Questions/Prompts

• What political events were happening