The depiction of space and focus

Perspective-the representation of a 3-dimensional space on a 2-dimensional surface by converging lines, leading lines, diminishing scale and/or atmospheric perspective.

Scale is the relative distance of objects from the lens and each other. Objects closer to the camera will appear larger than objects father away.

Converging lines will create linear perspective. Also straight and curved lines can lead your eye into the image to create a snese of depth.

Changing angle of view can also affect the feeling of depth

Breenice Abbot 1936
NYC Bruce Davidson 1975
Ansel Adams 1944
Ezra Stoller 1972
Robert Frank 1956
From The Americans

Depth of Field-The distance between the nearest and farthest points that appear in acceptably sharp focus in a photograph. Depth of field can be shallow or extensive. While the term includes the word depth, depth of field refers to focus.

Photographer: Roy Decarava
Photographer: Bill Brandt

Sometimes photos combine perspective and depth of field.

Central Park Bench, New York City, USA, 2000
Photographer: Michael Kenna

How to control depth of field

These four factors control depth of field:

  • lens aperture
  • focal length
  • camera-to-subject distance
  • sensor size.

Aperture is the size of the opening that allows light to hit the camera’s sensor when the photograph is taken. 

  1. Aperture values are expressed in numbers called f-stops. A smaller f-stop number means more light is coming into the camera and will create shallow depth of field. A larger f-stop number will let less light into the camera and create extensive depth of field.
  2. The full stops for aperture are: F2, f2.8, f4, f5.6, f8, f11, f16, f22, f32
  3. Cameraphones have a fixed aperture.

Focal Length  is the distance from where the light converges in the lens to the sensor. If it is a short distance then the lens is a wide angle lens and shows a lot of the scene. If it is a long distance, the lens is a telephoto lens and it magnifies the scene. Wide angle lenses create extensive depth of field while telephoto lenses create shallow depth of field.

Camera-to-subject distance is how far the subject is from the camera. If everything is far from the camera, it is easier to achieve extensive depth of field. If the main subject is very close to the camera and the background elements are far from the camera, it is easier to achieve shallow depth of field.

Sensor size-the smaller the sensor the easier it is to achieve extensive depth of field. Bigger sensors allow for shallow depth of field.

 Bokeh-Bokeh comes from the Japanese word boke (ボケ), which means “blur” or “haze”, or boke-aji, the “blur quality.” Bokeh is pronounced BOH-Kə or BOH-kay. 

 — From http://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/article/h0ndz86v/bokeh-for-beginners.html

LAB9: Depth/ Shallow Depth of Field