In this reading Ching talks about structural units ,Structural spans, structural patterns and lateral stability. Ching states that with the principal structural elements of columns, beams, slab and load bearing wall, it is possible to form and elementary structural unit capable of defining and enclosing a volume of space for habitation. Horizontal spans consist of grinders, beams, and joints. The vertical support for a structural unit are supported by load bearing. Structural spans is the capability of horizontal elements determines the spacing of their vertical supports. Structural patterns is the arrangement of principal vertical supports that establishes the possibilities for the ordering of spaces and functions in a building. Lateral stability is important because a structure must be sized, configured, and joined to form a stable structure under any possible load conditions.
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In these fews pages it talks about colums, beams and arches. These are all part of a structural system that helps a building stands up. The important thing is how they are supporting each other, meaning which way they are placed. Because the load might be different the way they are placed will affect the structure. When placing them we must pay attention to force, tension, and compression. They are different structural placements that put more force, tension and compression in different areas. If that happens we will need to know if the material will be able to support it or not. For example if two ends are being compressed towards the middle, the material should be able to hold and not snap/buckle in the middle. Another important structural element are joints, how to connect the materials. Just like we must consider how to place columns and beams to stand and support for a long time, its the same for joints. Need strong joints to withold the weight of the structure.
With the principal structure of columns, beams, slabs, and load bearing walls you can form an elementary structural unit capable of enclosing space for in-habitation. But with this comes the different kind of spans. Those two supports are the horizontal and the vertical span which are both supported by different structural elements. Horizontal may be crossed by concrete slabs or by a layered joist supporting planks. The vertical span may be provided by load-bearing walls or columns and beams. With these spans come the one-way system and the two-way system. Each of these systems have their moments where they’re most effective.
Reading three was about structural forces, structural equilibrium, columns, beams, beam spans, trusses, frames and walls, arches and vaults, domes, and finally joints and connections. Structural force is any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body. Structural equilibrium is a state of balance or rest resulting from equal action of opposing force. In the column section it explains how columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members. 2.14 talks about beams and how they are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements. Truss is a structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject only to axial tension or compression. Plate structures are rigid, planar, usually monolithic structures that disperse applied loads in a multidirectional pattern, with the loads generally following the shortest and stiffest routes to the supports. Arches and vaults are described as columns, beams, slabs, and bearing walls are the most common structural elements because of the rectilinear building geometry they are capable of generating. 2.26 defines a dome as a spherical surface having a circular plan and constructed of stacked blocks, a continuous rigid material like reinforced concrete, or of short, linear elements, as in the case of a geodesic dome. Shells are thin, curved plate structures typically constructed of reinforced concrete as mentioned in 2.27. joints and connections is basically the manner in which forces are transferred from one structural element to the next and how a structural system performs as a whole depend to a great extent on the types of joints and connections used.
In this part of the chapter by Ching, he talks about the science of the structures. First, he explains that structural forces have vectors. All vectors must have 2 or more forces, magnitude, and direction. The sum of all vectors R, is represented by a diagonal line resulting from a parallelogram. And in a circular motion, all vectors lie on the tangent line. To achieve equilibrium in structural design the amount of tension must be equal to the amount of compression between forces acting against each other, which also supports Newton’s Law of action and reaction. Furthermore, he goes on to explaining columns. He explains that columns function best when they’re slender and rigid to support axial loads. They’re subject to bend when the compressive stresses are applied to the kern area. Columns, if they’re too long and slender or too short and thick, they are weak and subject to shortness and bending. He then defines beams as horizontal supports to loads. They too can bend if the elements supported are heavier than the beams can handle. Another way of deformation is the vertical shear of the column gets pushed forward. Trusses are defined as member of webs and chords supporting each other. Like columns and beams, frames and arched vaults can also bend if the line of thrust does not follow the arch axis. In the last part of his chapter he shows different examples of domes such as lattice, geodesic a d schwedler domes, with a note than they’re all steel. In addition, he provided many examples of connections between columns and beams, and explains that connectors can be either points, lines, or surfaces.
The main concept you should keep in mind is to take an account of the body movement while building a staircase. The whole movement of the steepness and pitch. Exterior and interior stairs have lot’s indifference. You have to keep tracks of the treads and risers. That will get tricky at times. The width and the height should be the same or else it’s dangerous. The exit is the path or passageway leading to an exit should be as direct as possible, be unobstructed by projections such as open doors, and be well lit. The red EXIT sign is a universal sign for an emergency path out.
When we construct structures, we should think about gravity, gravity makes objects fall, we should likewise think about Newton’s third law of movement – for each power following up on the body, the body applies the contrary size on indistinguishable line of activity from the first Power, this fundamentally discloses to us that when we manufacture a building, we should strike a harmony between power. Basic components must pursue the premise of these standards. Basic power is any impact that causes changes in the shape or development of the body. Structures like Coulms help bolster the heaviness of items above it. We should realize that these articles are solid, so they are not squashed or twisted by their own weight. The bars must be sufficient so they don’t fall into the heap (bowing worry) above them, and the curves should likewise have the capacity to help them. The quality and capacity to scatter gravity so they are not obliterated independently.
Collinear: forces occure along a straight line
Vector: the sum of which is the algebric sum of the magnitude of the forces, acting along the sum line of action.
The vector: sum of all forces acting on it must equal zero, ensuring translational equilibrium : M fx =0; M fy =0; M fz =0
Kern area: is the central area of any horizontal sectio of a colum or walls
The polygon method: is a graphic technique for finding the vectors sum of a coplanar system of several concurrent forces by drawing to scale each force vector
Nonconcurrent force: they have lines of action that do not intersecr at a common point , tge vector sum of which is a single force that cuz sum traslation and rotation of a body.
In these readings, Ching explains to us how force and its uses are applied when it comes to architecture. For certain structures, force is extremely important for supporting weight along with other objects that may be above it. He also explains this with physics using vectors, and not only explains how it works, he also explains why it works. For example, he says with newtons third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. so, with structures this law is applied, and a good example of this would be a column along a plate.if you put one column under a massive plate, chances are that the column would be crushed, or it will buckle. However, if you distribute the weight equally with lets say four columns, chances are the plate’s force and the columns force’s would balance, or cancel each other out, which would make you reach the state of equilibrium. These readings all explain how a plate, column, arch, beam, frame, vaults, domes, and joints work under the use of force.
When we build buildings, we must consider gravity, gravity causes objects to fall, we must also consider Newton’s third law of motion – for each force acting on the body, the body exerts the opposite size on the same line of action as the original force Force, this basically tells us that when we build a building, we must strike a balance between power. Structural elements must follow the basis of these rules. Structural force is any effect that causes changes in the shape or movement of the body. Structures like Coulms help support the weight of objects above it. We must know that these objects are strong, so they are not crushed or deformed by their own weight. The beams must be strong enough so that they do not fall into the load (bending stress) above them, and the arches must also be able to support them. The quality and ability to disperse gravity so they are not destroyed separately.
