Stage III – Preliminary Annotated Bibliography

Research Questions

  • Comparing to the pre demolition, how well is the composition (culture center, universities and etc.) help promoted the existing site.
    • How does Lincoln center affect the surrounding buildings and land use
    • How does the Lincoln center represent the surrounding neighborhood before and after renovation.
    • What was the purpose of Lincoln center being built as a performance art center, when the community was in a “slum clearance”?
    • How does Lincoln Center pre and post demolition affect the social justice of the surrounding community?
    • Does Lincoln Center show justice to the legacy of a destroyed community and neighborhood in the present?

Resource quotation

  • “The Construction of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts (1959-69) – Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts – Google Arts & Culture.” Google, Google, artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/the-construction-of-lincoln-center-for-the-performing-arts-1959-69/BgICTK2US70oKA. 
    • “This convergence led to the imagination and construction of the world’s first modern performing arts center. This is the story of how Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts was constructed.”
    • According to this source shared by Professor Phillip and Professor Montgomery, it have reflect how the upper class or developers see Lincoln Center. They see building Lincoln Center is a start of performing arts and not “slum clearance”. But what they have did is they transform up 16.3 acres of land in upper Manhattan Upper West side which have strongly affect the surrounding on Lincoln Center.

  • Browdy, Alanna. Creating a ‘Cultural Innovation District’ at Lincoln Center. Alanna Browdy, 2020, Creating a ‘Cultural Innovation District’ at Lincoln Center, academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-mwd3-hb11.
    • Despite good intentions,15 construction of Lincoln Center caused substantial harm to the existing community, displacing 7,000 low-income families and 800 businesses without compensation or relocation assistance.16 Although the plan did include 4,400 new housing units, the majority were too expensive for the displaced low-income residents.17 As a result, the area transformed into a higher-income, more homogeneous neighborhood and Lincoln Center cultivated a highbrow reputation.

  • Diller, Elizabeth, et al. “Morphing Lincoln Center.” Future Anterior, vol. 6 no. 1, 2009, p. 84-97. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/fta.0.0027.
    • -Urbanistically, Lincoln Center was automobile oriented, not pedestrian or community oriented. All the performance venues were raised up on a plinth, which created a plaza level that was supposed to be the public level. Below it, the street dives from Broadway to Amsterdam, by something like eighteen feet, a full level.

  • Simon, Arthur R. “New Yorkers Without a Voice: A Tragedy of Urban Renewal.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 1 Apr. 1966, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1966/04/new-yorkers-without-a-voice-a-tragedy-of-urban-renewal/305329/.

  • Kittredge, Neil. “Stories: History of Lincoln Square, 1700 – 2000 – Lincoln Square.” Lincoln Square BID, www.lincolnsquarebid.org/lincoln-square/stories-and-people/history-of-lincoln-square-1700-2000. 
    • “Ethnic divisions heightened the tension and created new fronts of conflict.  Starting around the 1870’s a growing African-American population moved into the area.  62nd Street just south of Lincoln Square became the boundary between the preexisting Irish and the new black populations…”