Hitherto

HithertoAdverb

Definition: Until now, before this time.

Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hitherto

Found in: “Professions For Women” by Virginia Woolf

Quote: “You have won rooms of your own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men”.

Considering winning rooms being used as a metaphor of accomplishing something as a woman where until that point the entire house belonged completely to men, which seemed like a metaphor for male dominant society.

Ms. Furr and Ms. Skeene – Gay or Just Happy?

Gertrude Stein’s “Miss Furr and Miss Skeene.”

The first two paragraphs on page numbered 499.

“Georgine Skeene and Helen Furr were living where they were both cultivating their voices and they were gay there. They visited where Helen Furr had come from and then they went to where they were living where they were then regularly living.

There were some dark and heavy men there then. There were some who were not so heavy and some who were not so dark. Helen Furr and Georgine Skeene sat regularly with them. They sat regularly with the ones who were dark and heavy. They sat regularly with the ones who were not so dark. They sat regularly with the ones that were not so heavy. They sat with them regularly, sat with some of them. They went with them regularly went with them…”

When I first read the story, I noticed a lot of reputation of words, especially the word “gay”. Knowing that this was written in 1900’s, I automatically thought to replace the word “gay” with “happy”. Towards the end of the story, I realized there was more to the story besides them just being “happy”. The second time I read it I used the word gay as it is. I felt like it did have something to do with homosexuality and Getrude Stein purposely repeat the word to catch the reader’s attention and the meaning of the word “gay” really to strike out.

From my understanding, in the first paragraph George Skeene and Helen Furr moved to where Helen Furr was from. There, they were able to “cultivate their voices” might mean searching for their sexuality. In the second paragraph I felt like both women were having some kind of relationships with “dark and heavy” and “not so dark” men while they were exploring their sexuality with these men and with each other.