Questions:
Is Lincoln Center a model of urban revitalization?
Subtopics:
Community
Economic
Group Members: Danli X, Vincent V, Milton M, Zhebin Z
Vincent
1.
Nicole Gelinas is a City Journal contributing editor, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute. “The Bronx Is Up.” City Journal, 12 July 2017, www.city-journal.org/html/bronx- 14182.html.
- The Bronx Is Up gives a summary of the rough past of the Bronx. In the 1960s and 70s, the Bronx was a crime ridden borough, with gun violence resulting in 141 murders in in 1967 and 390 murders in 1972. During the demolition of the Lincoln Center site, many low-income families were relocated to over-crowded low-income neighborhoods of the Bronx and Harlem, and it can be seen that this relocation led spikes of crime in the years to come.
2.
Neubauer, Sam, and About The Author Sam NeubauerSam Neubauer has lived full time on the Upper West Side for two years but has spent time in the neighborhood his whole life. He graduated from Bates College in 2018 with a degree in English and Spanish and has been working in . “San Juan Hill: The Upper West Side’s Lost Neighborhood.” I Love The Upper West Side, 18 July 2020, ilovetheupperwestside.com/san-juan-hill-lincoln-center/.
- San Jaun Hill: The Upper West Side’s Lost Neighborhood describes what the area of San Juan Hill was like prior to its demolition in 1959 for the new Lincoln Center complex. 7,000 African American and Puerto Rican residents were to be relocated as part of Robert Moses’ urban redevelopment plan. Stating that the San Juan Hill area was “far too valuable…to be permitted to remain as a blighted area of deterioration…” proved that Moses cared more about the cities upper echelon residents, and not the ones that needed community resources in the low- income housing areas.
3.
“Remembering the Ramifications of Robert Moses’s Lincoln Square Renewal Project: Mostly Mozart on WQXR.” WQXR, www.wqxr.org/story/remembering-ramifications-robert-mosess-lincoln-square-renewal-project/.
- Remembering the Ramifications of Robert Moses’s Lincoln Square Renewal Project present statics of the relocation of families affected by Robert Moses’ urban renewal plan.44% self- relocated, and most were eligible for bonuses ranging from $275 to $500 (depending on the size of the apartment), paid for by Lincoln Center; 15.7% relocated to public housing; 39.4% relocated to private housing found for them by Lincoln Center; of the 1,647 families, 898 (56%)relocated within Manhattan, 81% stayed in New York City, and 24% relocated in the area west of Central Park. “In a recent statement, Lincoln Center wrote, “The displacement of Indigenous, Black, and Latinx families that took place prior to the construction of our campus is abhorrent. We may never know its full impact on those dispossessed of the land on which Lincoln Center sits. But only by acknowledging this history can we begin to confront the racism from which our institution has benefited.””
Danli
1.
“The Story behind the Lost Neighborhood Where ‘West Side Story’ Is Set.” America Magazine, 7 Apr. 2020, www.americamagazine.org/artsculture/2020/02/25/story-behind-lost-neighborhood-where-west-side-story-set.
- This article is about the setting of a musical “West side story”, San Juan Hill. According to the research done by Professor Alexander Von Hoffman of Harvard University, he found out that Housing Act at 1949 was to provide a decent home for American family, but provided the limited of public housing and urban renewal. The Title I of the 1949 Housing Act provided capital grants for redevelopment, Moses was the one in charge of it, he finished 17 urban renewal projects between 1949 and 1960. Lincoln Center project cost 75 million at 1959 (665 million today). However, the redevelopment did not provide the tenants at San Juan Hill at new housing units proposed by committee on Slum Clearance, tenants been forced to moved out from their former community. And Moses said during the 1959 ground-breaking ceremony that he sympathizes with tenants, but he cannot give everybody what they want. The San Juan Hill was replaced by Lincoln center, the community is gone, the tenants forced to leave their home for city to build Lincoln Center. It was not a model for urban revitalization, government and city should never let people lost their community.
2.
“WEEKEND HISTORY: SAN JUAN HILL.” West Side Rag Banner, www.westsiderag.com/2014/06/01/uws-history-san-juan-hill.
- The film is about the history of Lincoln Center, the host states the Lincoln center neighborhood where the San Juan Hill was has change to a middle-class residential complex. Marcy Sacks, the author of “Before Harlem” described the San Juan Hill district were like beehives, because there were so many people lived there. Sacks also mentioned the violence between the San Juan Hill and Irish from hell’s kitchen and Italian on the north. The Jazz was popular in the neighborhood since early 1900s, before the Lincoln Center was built, San Juan Hill is a hugely important area in New York’s musical history. According to the former residents from San Juan Hill, they lost the contact of their friends, classmates after relocation, they recalled their childhood was fun and they enjoyed it.
3.
“Lincoln Center: Making Music atop San Juan Hill.” Keith York City, 11 Oct. 2012, keithyorkcity.wordpress.com/2012/10/10/lincoln-center-making-music-atop-san-juan-hill/.
- “Lincoln Center remains one of the world’s most legendary arts venues. But it became so at the cost of the homes and lives of thousands of New York’s most vulnerable residents. And who remembers them today?” said by a former resident of San Juan Hill passing by Lincoln Center.
- This article tells the New York Philharmonic Orchestra lost its lease at Carnegie Hall, so Moses suggested them move to the Upper West Side. The author states that Moses thought a better environment may helps the poor out of poverty, people may see urban renewal plan as a good move to make at 1920s, but after years, when we look back the history, we see that those projects killed the local economies and livelihoods.
Zhebin
1.
Williams , Keith . “How Lincoln Center Was Built (It Wasn’t Pretty).”
Backstage , Dec. 21, 2017
- In this newspaper, the writer says the process of building Lincoln Center wasn’t as good as it was supposed to be.The project displaced more than 7,000 lower-class families and 800 businesses. Few, if any, of the 4,400 new housing units were intended for the area’s previous residents, who were almost exclusively black and Hispanic. Even worse, the relocation assistance promised by the committee never materialized. Indirectly, it led to the chaos of nearby residential areas like the Bronx.
2.
https://www.ebp-us.com/en/projects/lincoln-center-new-york-city
Economic Development Research Group Inc . “The Economic Role & Impact of Lincoln Center.”
October 2004, pp. 1-50.
- EDRG, is a firm established in 1997 by alumni of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to provide research and consulting on measuring economic performance.The authors state that the economic impact of Lincoln Center on the surrounding area is divided into three categories: “indirect effects(businesses supplying goods and services)”, “induced effects”(economic activity by consumer spending of Lincoln Center employees, suppliers, and vendors), and “direct effects”(direct spending on all levels of employment). And also states the impact on the Neighborhood.
3.
ARTHUR R. SIMON . “New Yorkers Without a Voice: A Tragedy of Urban Renewal.” https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1966/04/new-yorkers-without-a-voice-a-tragedy-of-urban-renewal/305329 APRIL 1966 .
- The narrator expresses how he was displaced and forced to move to a dwelling in extremely poor conditions because of the city’s building plans. He was not the only one, as many low-income families were forced to live in dilapidated apartments.
Milton
1.
The Lincoln center is a very reconglaiznle site in New York City and is known to also be a very important contributor to NYC’s artistic and cultural environment. According to the “Economic role & impact of the Lincoln center” direct operations spendings by the Lincoln center and its residents were around $530 million in 2003 and $350 million of spending on employee wages and benefits. The Lincoln center is also known to be an important job contributor with 8,300 jobs with earnings up to $405 million for state residents. In conclusion the total impact of this economic complex with the Lincoln Center is to be around over $1.5 billion with a total of 15,200 jobs.
MLA Annotated bibliography
Americansforthearts.org. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://www.americansforthearts.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2015/by_topic/culture_communities/FAQ/Lincoln
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