For this week’s Weekly Writing Assignment, you will begin writing your Expanded Definition project. To start, focus on the first two sections as detailed below, which are the Introduction and Definitions sections. For all the definitions and etymological (word history) information that you quote, remember to use IEEE in-text citation numbers and create a corresponding References section at the end of your document in which the numerated IEEE bibliographic references match the numbered quotes in your Definitions section. Format your writing as a memo with the subject, “Expanded Definition of Your Term, First Half, Rough Draft.” There is no word count on this assignment. Its purpose is to demonstrate your best effort on the first half of your Expanded Definition project. Save your work in a safe place and copy-and-paste it into a comment made to this post (remember to click the title “Weekly Writing Assignment, Week 4,” scroll to the comment box, copy-and-paste, and click “Post Comment.”
Overview of the Expanded Definition Project Deliverable
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis FROM: Your Name DATE: Due Date SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Your Term Introduction [Heading Level 2] What is the purpose of this document? What term are you defining? How are you discussing the way it is defined and the way it is used in context? Describe a road map for what follows (definitions and context). This content should be published as paragraphs, unlike the heading for this section, which is a level 2 heading. Definitions [Heading Level 2] Compare and contrast at least two quoted definitions from different sources of the term that you selected. Provide quotes and IEEE in-text citations for each definition, and include your sources in the References section at the end of the document. Each definition that you include deserves discussion in your words about what it means and how it relates to the other definitions that you include. Consider how they are alike, how are they different, who might use one versus another, etc. And, as a part of your compare and contrast, discuss the etymology or history of the word (e.g., one definition might be more like what the word meant originally or more recently). Each quote should have an IEEE in-text citation and reference entry. Context [Heading Level 2] Compare and contrast at least two sentences that use the term as it appears in different sources. This discussion should focus on how the context of the word shapes its meaning. A range of sources would provide the best source material for your discussion of how the term is used in these contexts. For example, a quote from an academic journal, a quote from a newspaper or magazine, a quote from a blog, and a quote from social media would give you a range of uses that might have different audiences. For each quote, you should devote at least as much space as the quote discussing what it means in that context and how it relates to the other quotes in context. Each quote should have an IEEE in-text citation and reference entry. Working Definition [Heading Level 2] Based on the definitions and word history that you quoted and discussed, and the contextual uses of the term that you quoted and discussed, write a working definition of the term that's relevant to your career field or major, which you will need to identify (this is the specific context for your working definition). References [Heading Level 2] Order your IEEE references in the order that they appear in your document. The first would be [1], the second would be [2], etc. [1] "Algorithm," in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, Mar. 2012, def. 2. [Online]. Available: https://www.oed.com [2] âAlgorithm,â in Science and Technology Encyclopedia, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000. [Online]. Available: https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00univ/mode/2up [3] Author,Title, volume, edition. City, State, Country: Publisher, year. [4] Author, âTitle,â Journal, volume, number, page range, month year, DOI.
Helpful Resources with IEEE Style
TO: Prof. Ellis
FROM: DeAndre Badresingh
DATE: 10/06/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Malware
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to discuss the expanded definition of my term malware. The term that I will be defining is malware in which I will discuss the previous definition and current usage of this term. In addition, I will be giving examples of how malware was used before and after updated definitions. After discussing this, I plan to divide the history of the word into different sections while also providing different ways this term was used. For example, in chronological order starting from the earliest date, I will quote how the word was defined and how the word was implemented when being discussed. Finally, towards the end I will discuss the definition but in my own way to describe it to individuals who are not so familiar with the use of this word.
Definitions
The history of malware goes back to as far back as the early 1970s. As the years progressed, this term has changed to mean different things yet still have the same concept. In an article that discusses the previous history of malware, there were several definitions that were used to identify this word. One of which included, âAn experiment designed to test how a program might move between computers.â [1] Back then, as shown in this quote, malware was once used as an experiment to see how different programs on a device interact with each other. However, moving on to the mid-1970s, the definition for the word had been more inclusive to what it really is. It was then described as âA self-replicating program that made multiple copies of itself on a computer until it bogs down the system to such an extent that system performance is reduced and eventually crashes.â [1] These definitions are both similar to one another in the sense that they both describe how malware is incorporated inside a system. However, the way in which it was implemented was vastly different from one another.
TO: Prof. Ellis
FROM: Shuaixiang Feng
DATE: 10/5/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition Term: Digital, First Half, Rough Draft
Introduction
The purpose of the Word Expanded Definition Term memo is to focus a term on its etymology and historical development, looking for the inconsistent meaning and how it uses in a different area. Digital is the word I have chosen for the Word Expanded Definition Term project. This paper will discuss digital in two different working areas and how this term defines the meaning of those two kinds of audiencesâalso contrasting the definition in different timelines to investigate how its context changes.
Definitions
Digital can define as âChiefly humorous. Any of the fingers (including the thumb) of the hand.â [1] This definition means people like to use their fingers as a calculator around the 1300s. People are familiar with defining digital as their fingers of the hand. Another definition has its distinct vision. Digital is âcomposed of data in the form of especially binary digits.â [2] Digital has become a concept that is using in the computing area. Currently, the development technology can observe digits, but in the past, people could only use their fingers to represent the whole number between one to nine.
Context
Following Fraserâs magazine for town and country, âHundreds of thousands vanish at the touch of royal digitals,â [3] by James Fraser. The word digital is used as a noun in this sentence. âAt the touch of royal digitalsâ, where people used to touch something? So digital represent a hand from Britain. Another author states his point of view to the word digital.â In todayâs digital age, technology has a firm grasp on practically every aspect of human life, consequently, there is growing cross-sector demand to help individuals build digital competencies such as digital literacy, digital skills, and digital readiness.â [4] Over here, digital uses as an adjective and means any composed of the data item. As the author states, digital is an essential material today. They are increasing numerous amounts per day that lead people to wonder if society needs more people to know how to operate the digital item to keep society run.
Working Definition
Currently, in CST, digital is always used as an adjective and surrounds every people work in CST. Every product has a screen and OS that can call as digital items such as smartphones or laptops.
Reference
[1] “digital, n. and adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2021, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/52611. Accessed 4 October 2021.
[2] âDigital.â Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/digital. Accessed 4 Oct. 2021.
[3] James Fraser,â Fraser’s magazine for town and country.â Fraserâs Mag. 22 397, 1830
[4] “IEEE Standard for Digital Intelligence (DQ)–Framework for Digital Literacy, Skills, and Readiness,” in IEEE Std 3527.1-2020 , vol., no., pp.1-47, 15 Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2021.9321783.
TO: Prof. Ellis
FROM: Ron Bepat
DATE: 10/5/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Encryption, First Half, Rough Draft.
Introduction:
The Purpose of this document is too elaborate on the word Encryption finding the historical references from where this term had started, and how the termâs definition has evolved throughout history. The term encryption will be compared from its older and modern versions. I will be discussing the way itâs defined by explaining how encryption works in full detail and the processes it takes to make sure a piece of data is safe.
Definitions:
According to the Oxford Dictionary the term Encryption was first used in the 1960s in the Navy. [1] âProc. U.S. Naval Inst. Dec. 38/1 After giving the message..to the waiting code clerk for encryption..I strolled about the Consulate grounds. â They would make secret messages to each other. Which is essentially what Encryption really is. To take a message and it mix up so only certain people can understand it or so a normal person can crack the code on what the data is. It doesnât have to be a message, but it can be any form of data. [2] âData encryption, also called encryption or encipherment, the process of disguising information as ciphertext, or data unintelligible to an unauthorized person. Conversely, decryption, or decipherment, is the process of converting ciphertext back into its original format. Manual encryption has been used since Roman times, but the term has become associated with the disguising of information via electronic computers. Encryption is a process basic to cryptology.â
Context:
[3] âTo unlock the message, both the sender and the recipient have to use a âsecretâ encryption key â a collection of algorithms that scramble and unscramble data back to a readable format.â This process needs. Encryption key because without that key data canât be locked or unlocked. [4] âIn cryptography, encryption and decryption are used to protect privacy and confidentiality of transmitted data via the process of encoding and decoding, so that the authorized parties are able to access it exclusively.â Encryption keys can be used for both unlocking and locking data so when a hacker doesnât have a key, they try to make their own by using ransomware to break into the data and revealing the message or what data is being stores
Working Definition:
Currently encryption is mainly use in the cyber security / networking fields mainly to protect peopleâs data. Any piece of technology can have the ability to encrypt data, or have their private data be encrypted or decrypted.
References:
[1] âencryptionâ OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2021,
https://www-oed-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/view/Entry/242722.
[2] âData Encryption.â Brittanica Academic, https://www.easybib.com/mla-format/website-citation/custom.
[3] Written by Alison Grace Johansen for NortonLifeLock. âWhat Is Encryption and How Does It Protect Your Data?â Norton, https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-privacy-what-is-encryption.html.
[4] Z. Ye, H. Yin and Y. Ye, “Information security analysis of deterministic encryption and chaotic encryption in spatial domain and frequency domain,” 2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control (CCE), 2017, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICEEE.2017.8108905.
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Ulises Mora
DATE: 10/06/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Chromakey, First Half, Rough Draft.
Introduction [Heading Level 2]
The purpose of this document is to demonstrate the definition of the term âChromakey,â along with its etymology: history/evolution, the use of it in different context or scenarios, and my own definition. First, I will compare and contrast three definitions from three different sources, including an etymology definition. Then, I will collect some context in which this word is used; the use of this word on different fields in which it can be used; and how they are assimilated for the same function. Finally, I will present my own definition after this whole expanded research of the word.
Definitions [Heading Level 2]
People might be familiar with the word âGreen Screen,â as Chromakey is the technique that allows the Green Screen to work. Both words are basically the same, but Green Screen is the most common term used, while Chromakey is the real term. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the definition of Chromakey is: âA technique or process for selectively combining two different images to form a composite scene by filming in front of a coloured screen or background, used esp. for depicting live action in drawn, modelled, or computer-generated settingsâ [1] This means that chromakey allows to put two different images at once; basically one project and one background, in which the Chromakey is mostly the background. Regarding its etymology, the definition and interpretation has been maintained since its origins,â1958 R. C. Kennedy & F. J. Gaskins in Proc. IRE 46 1798/1 A new process called âChroma-Keyâ is described. âChroma-Keyâ is an insetting or matting technique intended for color television which utilizes a highly saturated color background for the inset subject.â [1] Proving that since 1958, Chromakey remains the same function it used to be when it originated. A definition from another source, the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, defined Chromakey as: âa technique or process for selectively combining two video images to form a composite picture, in which all areas of the first image that are of a particular colour or chrominance (usually blue) are detected, and are replaced by corresponding parts of the second image.â [2] This definition shows more in detail how this process ends up as to what Chromakey is. The definition mentions that it is âusually blue,â but along the time, the green color became mostly used. This is because the green color âwere generally preferred because they tended to produce less video ânoiseâ and âstaticâ during compositing.â [3]
References
[1] “Chromakey, n” in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, June 2011. Available: https://www.oed.com Accessed 6 October 2021.
[2] “Green screen, n” in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, June 2011. Available: https://www.oed.com Accessed 6 October 2021.
[3] “Chroma-key, n” in The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 2 ed. Edited by Barber, Katherine Oxford University Press, 2004. Available: https://www.oxfordreference.com Accessed 6 October 2021.
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Ulises Mora
DATE: 10/06/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Chromakey, First Half, Rough Draft.
Introduction [Heading Level 2]
The purpose of this document is to demonstrate the definition of the term âChromakey,â along with its etymology: history/evolution, the use of it in different context or scenarios, and my own definition. First, I will compare and contrast three definitions from three different sources, including an etymology definition. Then, I will collect some context in which this word is used; the use of this word on different fields in which it can be used; and how they are assimilated for the same function. Finally, I will present my own definition after this whole expanded research of the word.
Definitions [Heading Level 2]
People might be familiar with the word âGreen Screen,â as Chromakey is the technique that allows the Green Screen to work. Both words are basically the same, but Green Screen is the most common term used, while Chromakey is the real term. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the definition of Chromakey is: âA technique or process for selectively combining two different images to form a composite scene by filming in front of a coloured screen or background, used esp. for depicting live action in drawn, modelled, or computer-generated settingsâ [1] This means that chromakey allows to put two different images at once; basically one project and one background, in which the Chromakey is mostly the background. Regarding its etymology, the definition and interpretation has been maintained since its origins,â1958 R. C. Kennedy & F. J. Gaskins in Proc. IRE 46 1798/1 A new process called âChroma-Keyâ is described. âChroma-Keyâ is an insetting or matting technique intended for color television which utilizes a highly saturated color background for the inset subject.â [1] Proving that since 1958, Chromakey remains the same function it used to be when it originated. A definition from another source, the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, defined Chromakey as: âa technique or process for selectively combining two video images to form a composite picture, in which all areas of the first image that are of a particular colour or chrominance (usually blue) are detected, and are replaced by corresponding parts of the second image.â [2] This definition shows more in detail how this process ends up as to what Chromakey is. The definition mentions that it is âusually blue,â but along the time, the green color became mostly used. This is because the green color âwere generally preferred because they tended to produce less video ânoiseâ and âstaticâ during compositing.â [3]
References
[1] “Chromakey, n” in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, June 2011. Available: https://www.oed.com Accessed 6 October 2021.
[2] “Green screen, n” in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, June 2011. Available: https://www.oed.com Accessed 6 October 2021.
[2] “Chroma-key, n” in The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 2 ed. Edited by Barber, Katherine Oxford University Press, 2004. Available: https://www.oxfordreference.com Accessed 6 October 2021.
To: Prof. Jason Ellis
From: Roshel Babayev
Date: 10/6/2021
Subject: Expanded Definition of Protection
Introduction
Iâm writing to elaborate on the definition of the word protection. Protection is a very valuable thing in todayâs day and we must understand where it came from and how it works. There will also be valuable examples of how it is used via real world examples and the main purpose of protection. Following will be discussed the context in which it is most commonly used in the use case of computer security.
Definition
The generic definition of the word protection is to stop something but thatâs not how itâs classified everywhere. Merriam webster defines this word as âto cover or shield from exposure, injury, damage, or destruction : GUARDâ [1] while others define it as âthe action of protectingâ. This word has been around since the beginning of time but in many different forms either being utilized as a means to define protection for a person or today where we use it as a means to describe computer security. The article provides some additional insight on the word âHistorically, software protection first appeared as (often feeble) attempts at adding license-checking code to computer games, followed by algorithms for white-box cryptography used for digital-media piracy protectionâ [3]. Protection has shifted from initially being used in real world situations to digital scenarios as the world gradually moves into the digital age. While protection does have the same meaning behind its definition, the use case in which the definition is applied does in fact change.
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Jiaqi Huang
DATE: Oct 6, 2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Virtual
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to elaborate on the word I pick for the expanded definition project. I picked three words at the beginning, virtual, network and space. The term Network is kind of a new word, it doesnât have that much history than the other two terms. I can not get enough information for the expanding project. For the term space, we know it is a big prerequisite for everything to work normally, computer systems are no exception. But the term space is an old word and has various meanings in different areas. It can represent time, the universe, etc. Though it has such various meanings, the term virtual is more related to my major computer information system, and it is also more representative in the computer field, which means it is more close to a special word for a specific area. At least people now heard the term virtual will associated with computer stuff immediately. The term space is not only used in academic fields, we also use it in our daily life. Thatâs why I chose the term virtual instead of space. The term virtual has been clearly pointed out to the âvirtual technologyâ in the past few years. As new technology in these years, virtual technology is relatively mature than others and there is considerable room for development, no matter the technology itself or in the applied fields.
Definitions
The origin of the term âvirtualâ is borrowed from Latin and has a long history we can look back on. There are a lot of meanings of â virtualâ. At first, it represented âInherently powerful or effective owing to particular natural qualitiesâ[1] in âSee if the Virtuall Heat of the Wine, or Strong Waters will not mature it.â from Sylva sylvarum. Most of the Other definitions at first also related to power. However, they were Obsoleted because it is no longer in line with usage habits or we can say it was too far away from how we use the term now. When people talk about virtual, it mainly means a kind of technology. In Proc. Easternâs Joint Computer Conf actually used the term virtual at a description âThe sole function of the virtual memory is to increase machine speedâ, which we can conclude it âbeing on or simulated on a computer or computer network.â[2]
Reference
[1]”virtual, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2021, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/223829. Accessed 6 October 2021.
[2]âVirtual.â Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virtual. Accessed 6 Oct. 2021.
TO: Prof. Ellis
FROM: [ Shemei John]
DATE: 9/29/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition Term: [Transhumanism] First Half, Rough Draft
[Introduction]
The intent of this memo is to introduce and inform technological Terminology we may or may not be fully familiar with. Terms such as âNetworksâ, âthe internet of thingsâ, âinformation technologyâ, âinformation sciencesâ, âdataâ, âtranshumanismâ, âhive-mind conceptâ and âArtificial Intelligenceâ. After careful consideration, I decided to research the term âTranshumanismâ. Although, according to my oxford definition source, the term isnât mentioned a lot in todayâs topics regarding technology, I do find it to be fascinating since it deals with the ideology that Mankind will transcend our current limitations through the use of technology. There are several sources I am considering for this topic to convey the definitions. So, I am going to include the definition of the word and its origins, throughout its history, from the Oxford dictionaryâs etymology, and also from an excerpt taken from the books, âNew bottles for new wineâ, on Transhumanism, which discusses the ideology behind the term and its definition today. I am currently still looking for a few more sources that will help me to convey how the nuance of the word from its inception to the way the word is used today.
[Definitions]
According the Oxford English dictionary, the noun, transhumanism, is a deviation of the English word, transhuman, with the prefix âtransâ meaning beyond or across the farther side of.
The term was first used by Julian Huxley in his book âNew bottles for new wine (1957)â in which he said, âThe human species can..transcend itself..in its entirety, as humanity. We need a name for this belief. Perhaps transhumanism will serve: man remaining man, but transcending himself, by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature.â [1] What Huxley was saying is by definition, the belief in technology and the will to surpass our current nature as humans is transhumanism. The term has surfaced occasionally in its etymology, being used again by Tom Bell, in his writings from âExtropyâ, in which he says that the alternative to religion would be transhumanism.
[Context]
Over the course of its history from when it was first coined to current times, the word transhumanism has variated into slight nuances. Huxleyâs definition of transhumanism
Is the belief that humankind will transcend our nature, but he was speaking specifically about the beliefs. He believed that either synchronously or not, humans will consciously give rise to this belief together in order to evolve. Today the word has slightly a different definition which includes some addition to it. [2] The definition today is familiarly used in science fiction. So, the current definition of the 21st century would be that transhumanism is the belief that one day humankind with transcend our current limitations, ultimately achieving immortality, by the use of science and technology.
[1] “Transhumanism,” in Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, Oct 6, def. 1. [Online]. Available: https://www.oed.com
[2] C. Christopher Hook, Transhumanism and Posthumanism, Encyclopedia of Bioethics(Vol. 5. 3rd ed.) Page 2517, Gale Publishing, 2004
[3] Julian Huxley, New Bottles for New wine (page 17), Harper and Brothers publishing, 1957
From: Hamzat Olowu
Date: 10/06/2021
Subject: Expanded Definition Term: Data Structure
Introduction
The objective of this document is to accentuate one of the most important term for programmers and software engineers. This term is Data Structures, the focus of this paper will be on the etymology of the term, then it will discuss the term and its uses in different backgrounds under computer science. This paper will also focus on the way the term is used depending on the context of the articles or books in which the term has been used. The official definitions of the term will be provided first, termâs etymology will be provided after which the context of the words will be discussed. At the end another definition will be provided which will come from understanding the termâs etymology, definition, and the context in which itâs used.
Definition
The term data structure according to the oxford english dictionary means âComputing the form in which a collection of data is organized, typically allowing for efficient access or manipulation of the data.â [1] Acccording to this definition we know this term is coined for the computer science field, which makes this a unique term. If we look at the termâs etymology, the term was first used in 1960 in a sentence from the IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry which states âThe decoding program also includes provision for recognizing the time and data structure when partially camouflaged by noise.â [1] The sentence provides a better understanding of the term and shows that the term is being used in a computer science environment. The second time the term was used officially was in 1973 in a book called Introduction to computer science which was what set the standard for later uses of the word. Data structure can also be defined as âThe logical or mathematical model of a particular organization of data.â [2] This definition is essentially the same as the first definition but its defining the term based on logic and math.
To: Prof. Ellis
From: Rameen Khan
Date: 10/05/2021
Subject: Expanded Definition Term: LINUX
[Introduction]
The goal of the Word Expanded Definition Term memo is to emphasize on technical terms and temporal development, as well as compare and contrast its interpretation. And to highlight the most used words in the Computer Information System major. I looked up concepts such as networks, information technology and data analysis beside others related to CIS Major, and considered how extensive the word may be. Linux is the word I’ve picked for my Expanded Word Definition project. Other names I considered include Hardware, Software, CPU, RAM, Encryption, CenOS and Decryption. Based on my preliminary research, I would first describe the word’s historical use, implication, and signification. The earliest use of this word started in 1991 by L. B. Torvalds and in this project, I will talk about how this word has been used differently based on this use of a term over time. Sources that I looked into through (The City Tech) library database will be used to perform my expanded definition, and I wound up utilizing the Oxford English Dictionary, Gale eBook, Oxford English and IEEE Xplore to look for these phrases. My main area of interest in computers is networking and Linux is an important part of the operating system which manages a systemâs hardware and resources, like CPU, memory and storage. Linux is also compatible with personal computers, mobile devices, tablet computers, routers, and other embedded systems.
[Definition/Etymology]
Linux has a long history, dating back to 1991. This phrase has evolved over time to mean different things while maintaining the same notion. The Oxford English Dictionary Linux defines it as âAn open-source operating system modelled on Unix, available in a number of different varieties for use in PCs, servers, and other computing devicesâ [1]. This Definition tells us that Linux is an open-source operating system which is the software that controls the hardware and functions of a computer, such as the CPU, memory, and storage. Continuing on to the next phase, the word’s definition had been more comprehensive of what it truly is. By 2002 a book was published which was named as âAdvanced Linux Networkingâ by Roderick W Smith. This book talked about Linux being one of the most reliable, secure and worry-free operating systems available and embedded systems across the globe. According to Gale eBooks âSince its inception in 1991, it has attracted widespread attention because of its compatibility with different platforms, and also because Linux is considered by many users to be faster, more robust, and more economical compared to other operating systems.â [2]. The Linux operating system for computers was developed by a Swedish computer scientist. Torvalds began developing this system while a university student in Finland, and it is now freely available over the Internet. A Software developer Torvalds not only made one of the most widely supported operating systems. But also gave freedom to study how the program works and freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
Reference
[1] âLinux,â in Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, Dec, 2009, def. 1. [Online]. Available: https://www-oed com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/view/Entry/251510?redirectedFrom=linux
[2] L. Fundukian. âGale Encyclopedia of E-Commerce,â L. Fundukian, Ed. Gale, a Cengage Company, 2012. Available: Linux – Document – Gale eBooks (cuny.edu)
To: Professor Ellis
From: Edwin Ascencio
Date: 10/06/21
Subject: Expanded Definition of Aerospace and Aeronautical, First Half, Rough Draft
Introduction
The purpose of this memo is to expand and elaborate the two terms Aerospace and Aeronautical and how these terms play a major role in the Aviation field. Aircrafts are what allows use to travel to different countries, island, and continents. These terms are what allowed society to research and develop our modern aircrafts. Aviation has come a long way since it was explored by the Wright brothers and eventually it was divided into two more in-depth fields. These field allowed engineers to explore new possible heights and reach places we were not able to reach before. With Aerospace and Aeronautical we were able to make the journey to travel to space and this allowed us to advance our knowledge of science. I will discuss the origins of the two terms and the importance of the term. The resources I will be unitizing are credible dictionaries and research paper created by people who have studied in the Aviation field. After gathering all the required information, I will sort the information into four categories: Definition/Etymology, Context, and Working Definition. All reference will be included towards the end.
Definition/Etymology
The aviation field could be divided into many professions but without Aerospace and Aeronautical we would not have aircraft we have today. As an aircraft mechanic I can see aircrafts that have unique designs. The uniqueness comes from Aerospace and how manufactures designed the aircraft to perform certain tasks. From my understanding Aerospace is an industry that designs and manufacture unique airplanes. Some aircrafts that the industry designs are not limited to aircraft that allows us to travel to different regions around the world, they also design aircraft that can cruise between the boundary of Earth and Space. According to Dictionary, it says, âthe industry concerned with the design and manufacture of aircraft, rockets, spacecraft., that operate in atmosphereâ.[3] The given definition gives use an understanding on what aerospace focus on. As I mention before aerospace is not limited by aircraft that allows us to travel to different regions, aerospace allows us to travel to different atmosphere and space. According to Merriam-Webster, aerospace is âthe manufacture of such vehicles or to travel in aerospaceâ.[4] The secondary definition correlates to the first definitions and shows that aircrafts travel could also travel outside the boundaries of Earth or within the Earth.
Another term that corresponds with Aviation is Aeronautical. According to Merriam-Webster, Aeronautical is âa science dealing with the operation of aircraftâ.[2] There are several forces and principles that factor in when an aircraft or rocket is flying. These considerations are implemented via aerospace because aerospace oversees designing aircraft that will consider the several factors and principle. Both aerospace and aeronautical play a major role by producing aircraft that can perform certain action. Another definition from Collins is that aeronautical âmeans involving or relating to the design and construction of airplanesâ. [5] Both definition gives a similar definition as they both relate to creating an aircraft that can perform certain task and focus on the operation of the aircraft.
Context
When comparing the two definitions for Aerospace we can see that both definitions share a common statement and that is the word manufacture. Aerospace creates different aircraft that can travel to different location or factor forces. The first definition states that an industry designs and manufacture aircrafts to perform in different circumstances. The second definition states it manufactures vehicles to travel in aerospace. Each definition refers to the term, design and manufacture. Aircraft could vary from an RC Drone to a Rocket ship. Today we have aircraft that allows use to travel long distance but in short altitude (helicopter), we have aircraft that allows us to travel overseas (commercial aircrafts), and we have aircraft that allow use to explore space (rockets). These are some examples of what the industry have demanded us to create, aircraft with unique design and performance.
With Aeronautical both definition talk about the operation of aircraft. When creating aircraft engineers ask, âwhat should this aircraft do?â. This question is what gave use a variety on aircraft. One variety that was made was the SR-71. It was an aircraft capable of traveling 200mph and travel around between the boundaries of Earth and Space. The aircraft was made of special material and deicing system to prevent the aircraft from freezing at high altitude. With Aerospace designing the aircraft, careful consideration was inserted and eventually created the SR-71. Aeronautical studied the science of high altitude and aerospace designed an aircraft to combat the forces existing at high altitude.
Working Definitions
Currently NASP (National Aero Space Plane) has created a aircraft, the X-30and that aircraft could achieve speeds of Mach 25 which is faster than regular aircraft. NASP uses a combination of both aerospace and aeronautical to create the XC-30. According to Barthelemy, âXC-30 will be fabricated from a combination of highly advance materialsâ. [1]. Here we see that at a certain speed friction will start to form and heat the aircraft greatly. To avoid structure damages, special material is used in the aircraft construction to prevent overheating. Aeronautical will gather data and determine what material will be suited for this kind of stress and aerospace will design and manufacture an aircraft base on the material that was gather from research. We can see how both terms play a role in todayâs aircraft.
Reference
[1] R. Barthelemy, “Recent progress in the National Aerospace Plane program,” in IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 3-12, May 1989, doi: 10.1109/62.31806.
[2] âAeronautics definition & meaning,â Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeronautics. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2021].
[3] âAerospace definition & meaning,â Dictionary.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/aerospace. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2021].
[4] âAerospace definition & meaning,â Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aerospace. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2021].
[5] âAeronautical definition and meaning: Collins english dictionary,â Aeronautical definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary. [Online]. Available: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/aeronautical. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2021].