For this week’s Weekly Writing Assignment, continue your research and writing for the next two sections of the Expanded Definition Project: Context and Working Definition. As discussed at length in this week’s lecture, which you should watch before proceeding, write drafts of the Context and Working Definition sections and include in-text citations for quotes and corresponding references to those quotes at the end of your document. Copy-and-paste just those sections into a comment made to this post to demonstrate your on-going progress on the project.
Separately, you should aim for having a rough draft of your Expanded Definition project ready for peer review next week.
I am including the sample quotes and citations from today’s lecture below. Also, links to IEEE citation guides are at the bottom of the post.
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis FROM: Your Name DATE: Due Date SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Your Term Introduction [Heading Level 2] What is the purpose of this document? What term are you defining? How are you discussing the way it is defined and the way it is used in context? Describe a road map for what follows (definitions and context). This content should be published as paragraphs, unlike the heading for this section, which is a level 2 heading. Definitions [Heading Level 2] Compare and contrast at least two quoted definitions from different sources of the term that you selected. Provide quotes and IEEE in-text citations for each definition, and include your sources in the References section at the end of the document. Each definition that you include deserves discussion in your words about what it means and how it relates to the other definitions that you include. Consider how they are alike, how are they different, who might use one versus another, etc. And, as a part of your compare and contrast, discuss the etymology or history of the word (e.g., one definition might be more like what the word meant originally or more recently). Each quote should have an IEEE in-text citation and reference entry. Context [Heading Level 2] Compare and contrast at least two sentences that use the term as it appears in different sources. This discussion should focus on how the context of the word shapes its meaning. A range of sources would provide the best source material for your discussion of how the term is used in these contexts. For example, a quote from an academic journal, a quote from a newspaper or magazine, a quote from a blog, and a quote from social media would give you a range of uses that might have different audiences. For each quote, you should devote at least as much space as the quote discussing what it means in that context and how it relates to the other quotes in context. Each quote should have an IEEE in-text citation and reference entry. Here’s a quote example from The New York Times: Technology Opinion Writer Kara Swisher wrote about the bombshell allegations made by Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen in a television interview: “Everything the former product manager on Facebook’s dispersed/disbanded (depending on whom you believe) Civic Integrity team said in her interview with CBS’ “60 Minutes” on Sunday rang true, including her allegations that the company’s algorithm is a wildfire that feeds on rancor and that the company always chooses its business over safety” [3]. The use of the term algorithm here refers to how Facebook surfaces certain content and submerges other content on a given Facebook user’s feed. Another quote example from a book on optimizing Rust language programming applications: While Swisher uses the term algorithm to refer to a specific decision-making technology at Facebook, Moraza uses it in a more general way where he writes: “You will also understand the difference between the common standard library collections so that you can choose the right one for your algorithm” [4, p. 1]. Algorithm here refers to the programming code that the reader of Moraza’s book is developing using the Rust programming language. Any computer code that is performing a process would qualify as an algorithm in this context while Swisher’s use of the term algorithm referred to a specific algorithm developed and used by a specific company. Working Definition [Heading Level 2] Based on the definitions and word history that you quoted and discussed, and the contextual uses of the term that you quoted and discussed, write a working definition of the term that's relevant to your career field or major, which you will need to identify (this is the specific context for your working definition). References [Heading Level 2] Order your IEEE references in the order that they appear in your document. The first would be [1], the second would be [2], etc. [1] "Algorithm," in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, Mar. 2012, def. 2. [Online]. Available: https://www.oed.com [2] “Algorithm,” in Science and Technology Encyclopedia, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000. [Online]. Available: https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00univ/mode/2up [3] K. Swisher, "Brazen is the order of the day at Facebook," The New York Times, Oct. 5, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/05/opinion/facebook-blackout-2021.html [4] I. E. Moraza, Rust High Performance: Learn to Skyrocket the Performance of Your Rust Applications. Birmingham, UK: Packt Publishing, 2018. [Online]. Available: ProQuest Ebook Central.
IEEE Citation Guides
Context [Heading 2]
“I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number” [1, quote 1]. This is the earliest use of the term computer according to the Oxford English Dictionary. This quote can be found in Richard Braithwaite’s Yong Mans Gleanings published in 1613. In the context of this quote, a computer is an arithmetician, a person expertly skilled in calculation and counting. The year of this quote is important, as electricity was yet to be discovered which means there were no machines to do calculations.
In the 1940’s the term computer had come closer to today’s definition. A section from the New York Times published on Jan 1947 states “Two electronic computers that will handle complex arithmetical problems faster than earlier models were described yesterday at conference sessions of the winter meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at 33 West Thirty-Ninth Street” [4, p.5]. Once only referring to a person responsible for mathematical computation, the author has to make a distinction between an electronic computer and a human one. Human computers were not rendered obsolete just yet since electronic computers of the time were very expensive and very big, often needing a team of people and machinery to transport them and entire rooms dedicated to their use. It’s important to note that these computers, while electronic, were analog computers, not digital computers.
By the turn the millennium, computers had scaled down in size while simultaneously scaling up in their abilities. They no longer took up a wall and were present in homes, businesses, and offices, etc. The previous meaning of the word computer was still the same but with a slight change. From an encyclopedia published in 2005: “The term digital computer—or simply, computer—embraces calculators, computer workstations, control computers (controllers) for applications such as domestic appliances and industrial processes, data-processing systems, microcomputers, microcontrollers, multiprocessors, parallel computers, personal computers, network servers, and supercomputers.” [5, p. 668]. Computers had transitioned from analog to digital and no longer spanned an entire room.
Working Definition [Heading 2]
The definition a computer largely relies on the time period you’re discussing. If I was to define computer today it would sound something like this:
Computer – A digital electronic device or machine capable of receiving, computing, processing, and outputting data in various forms.
References:
[1] “Computer,” in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, Jun. 2008, def. 1 & def. 2. [Online]. Available: https://www.oed.com
[2] “Computer,” in Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 5th Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2005, p.519. [Online]. Available: https://go-gale-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/ps/retrieve.do?resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&searchType=BasicSearchForm&userGroupName=cuny_nytc&inPS=true&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&isETOC=true&docId=GALE|CX3475801389, Accessed: Oct 6, 2021.
[3] “Computer,” in A Dictionary of Computer Science, A. Butterfield, G. E. Ngondi, A. Kerr, 7th Edition., Oxford University Press, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199688975.001.0001/acref-9780199688975, Accessed: Oct 6, 2021.
[4] Author Unknown, “COMPUTER BEATS BRAIN,” New York Times, p.5, Jan 31, 1947. [Online]. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/1947/01/31/archives/computers-beat-brain-new-electronic-devices-said-to-be-100000-times.html?searchResultPosition=3, Accessed: Oct 10, 2021.
[5] “Digital Computer,” in Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 5th Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2005, p.668. [Online]. Available: https://go-gale-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/ps/retrieve.do?resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&searchType=BasicSearchForm&userGroupName=cuny_nytc&inPS=true&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&isETOC=true&docId=GALE|CX3475801781, Accessed: Oct 13, 2021.
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Rosario Garcia
DATE: 10/13/21
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of program and software development
The purpose of this document is to learn more explain about programming and software development. The term that the programming I defined is developing and create computer program. The Oxford defined as “the process of writing and testing computer programs.” I defined software developing is create application when different coding language. Oxford defined software is “the programs used by a computer for doing particular jobs.” How programming help in figure out ways to different to use different strategies methods solve problem quickly. “The programming logic from programming grammar and syntax, allowing students to focus on developing programming strategies with little or no programming background. Programming environments are merely tools and without well-organized teaching methods and learning materials to support them, all they can provide is a ‘‘short burst of enthusiasm.” Programming can be used in the real- world help area that need problem solving.
The article I have chosen for software development is Measuring and Improving Agile Processes in a Small-Size Software Development Company. How software development benefits companies “software development process as a means supporting SMEs in the development of software following an Agile methodology.” How software development improves their company in expand the (SME). How software development improves during the years continue to improve company. “Improve management of such processes as task estimation and bug fixing, which are crucial in rapid software development of high quality and stable software. Moreover, after applying those metrics, team management is now more efficient and transparent.” The other article I choose is Enhancing Confidence in Using Computational Thinking Skills via Playing a Serious Game: A Case Study to Increase Motivation in Learning Computer Programming for programming. I think that programming means to create and build code for applications. “The specific programming language so that they can develop their abilities in solving problems before they start.” How programming is a way to use problem-solving skills. “Find the process of learning computer programming difficult because they need to find a solution to a problem by acquiring a new way of thinking in addition to the need to practice a new syntax and grammar in order to communicate their solution to real life problems.” That programming has made different ways to think and solve the problem. Make you think that there is more solution than one to a problem. Both program and software development have improved today and now in society it give large impact to help business manage and do any tasks. “a software development company for improving the quality of their processes.”
References:
[1] “Programming,” programming noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/programming?q=programming. [Accessed: 14-Oct-2021].
[2] O. Dictionary , “Software ,” Oxford, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/software#:~:text=%2F%CB%88s%C9%92ftwe%C9%99(r)%2F,computer%20for%20doing%20particular%20jobs. [Accessed: 14-Oct-2021].
[3] M. Choraś et al., “Measuring and Improving Agile Processes in a Small-Size Software Development Company,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 78452-78466, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990117.
[4] C. Kazimoglu, “Enhancing Confidence in Using Computational Thinking Skills via Playing a Serious Game: A Case Study to Increase Motivation in Learning Computer Programming,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 221831-221851, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3043278.
TO: Prof. Ellis
FROM: GANI GRACENI
DATE: 10/18/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition Term: “Microprocessor”
This writing is in regards of the expanded definition assignment. The idea is to choose a preferred technical term based on the field of study, career and personal interests and also library resources. Using open lab platform made it easy for me to follow the steps shown on the video lecture and understand how to browse through the school library resources to look up a few terms and definitions that directly related to my major of study. I am majoring In Electrical Engineering and I had a few terms to discuss such as capacitors, frequency, inverter, microcontroller, microprocessor etc. There is tons of information about almost all these terms but I chose “microprocessor” term to be my term for this assignment. There is information on microprocessor definition and more on Oxford dictionary, Britannica, and a few Electrical Engineering books found under City Tech Library resources. In this writing I will show how two different dictionaries define the term microprocessor and what is the difference or the commons in these two definitions. I am almost sure that any electrical engineer should have a considerable knowledge about microprocessors and based on what application they are going to be using it its definition might not be the same. This expanded definition writing will give the reader a basic clarity on what a microprocessor is as well as how it is defined from different sources and used different context.The giant of the definitions OED ( Oxford English Dictionary) refers to the term “ Microprocessor” as: A very small processor based on one or more IC chips to serve as the central unit of a calculator or microcomputer. [1] , this definition is followed by a log of history events that include big names in the computer engineering technology as well as inventions and evolutions of the microprocessor. Microprocessor term is formed from the combinations of: “micro and processor” [2]. The first part micro means small, tiny and the second part stands for processing function of the microprocessor. The log of history [3] lays down the fact that the term is first dated around 1969 and a microprocessor at that time is mentioned to be or used as the “central to the entire system”. Also in this dictionary the year 1974 is shown as the year that “at least four major systems could be build using the microprocessor such as calculator, controllers, data handling systems and general-purpose computers [4]. On the other hand Britannica dictionary defines the term microprocessor as a computer chip that included memory, IO’s [5] computing and logarithmic power and capacity to control as system [6]. This dictionary term is more technical and less formal from the Oxford dictionary definition. Also Britannica lays down facts and dates in a more specific way. It mentioned the first model of microprocessor the Inter 4004 and its evolution in terms of expanding the definition and multiple examples on where it was used and how much powerful it was in terms of capacity and usage. “the Intel 8080 microprocessor. Like minicomputers, early microcomputers had relatively limited storage and data-handling capabilities, but these have grown as storage technology has improved alongside processing power [7]. “The surprising story of the micro-processor describes the birth of a microprocessor as a need to pack all the amplifier, transistors and fast switching IC’s chips [8], tu build this one unit processor that has it all. This article uses the term in a similar way Britannica definition and article uses it but focuses more on the making of the microprocessor chip. It gives credit to the capacity and speed of the processor and also mentions the industries that got way better just because of the birth of the microprocessor. This article makes it clear for any reader how important the microprocessor is in our technological world and where it came from and what makes it so important in terms of usage and examples. “You thought it started with the Intel 4004, but the tale is more complicated” [9]
References:
Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Computer. Britannica Academic. Retrieved October 17, 2021, from https://academic-eb-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/levels/collegiate/article/computer/117728
“microprocessor, n.” OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2021. Web. 17 October 2021.
1974 Computer July 22/2 There are at least four major classifications of systems that can be designed using microprocessors: calculators, controllers, data
1975 Sci. Amer. May 34/2 In 1971..the Intel Corporation, which had undertaken to develop a calculator chip, chose to design it as a more versatile programmable, single-chip microprocessor.
Shirriff, K. (2021, June 24). The surprising story of the first microprocessors. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved October 17, 2021, from https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors.
TO: Prof. Ellis
FROM: Alex Cheung
DATE: Oct., 2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
Introduction [Heading Level 2]
The purpose of this document is to better our understanding and knowledge about the term Denial of Service Attacks. We will be discussing the history, context, and the different types of Denial of Service Attacks. Denial of Service Attacks is a very known term amongst network security professionals and black hat hackers.
Definitions [Heading Level 2]
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Distributed Denial of Service means “Computing a form of denial of service in which a web server or other computer system is maliciously overwhelmed by spurious requests from many computers in different locations on the internet, in order to make it inaccessible or unusable” [1]. This definition does a great job of explaining what a Distributed Denial of Service Attack is but, it does not mention how it utilizes malware to add infected computers to its botnet. According to the Britannica Academic, the term Denial of Service means “type of cybercrime in which an Internet site is made unavailable, typically by using multiple computers to repeatedly make requests that tie up the site and prevent it from responding to requests from legitimate users” [2]. Britannica Academic also says that “Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks are a special kind of hacking. A criminal salts an array of computers with computer programs that can be triggered by an external computer user. These programs are known as Trojan horses since they enter the unknowing users’ computers as something benign, such as a photo or document attached to an e-mail”. Both of these definitions from Britannica Academic do a great job of explaining the definition of a Distributed Denial of Service. It explains clearly that a malware known as a trojan is required to infect other computers and can then be controlled by an external computer and is used for criminal activities.
Context [Heading Level 2]
For anyone who isn’t familiar with network security or other related fields, the term Denial of Service might just mean refusing to serve someone. But to someone who is in the said related fields, Denial of Service is a cybercrime that aims to disrupt service that lives on the internet, like websites, servers, and others. The earliest use of the term Disrupted Denial of Service according to the Oxford English Dictionary is in 1998 in a report about a DDoS attack against NIS / NIS+ based networks [1]. The term Distributed Denial of Service really only has one meaning.
In a New York Times article titled “Hackers Used New Weapons to Disrupt Major Websites Across U.S.”, author Nicole Perlroth talks about how disruptive a DDoS attack can be by citing Dr. Simons: “A DDoS attack could certainly impact these votes and make a big difference in swing states” [3]. The use of the term Disrupted Denial of Service here refers to how harmful DDoS attacks can be to critical processes like the U.S. presidential election if votes were transferred through the internet. A Distributed Denial of Service attack can take down many essential systems that are needed by many people and businesses like Amazon Web Services which hosts many of the websites used by people and businesses for day to day operations and it would be catastrophic if those services were taken down by an attack.
Working Definition [Heading Level 2]
Based on the definitions and word history discussed, I would define the term Distributed Denial of Service as: A cybercrime that aims to disrupt internet services like websites and servers by utilizing computers (victims) infected with a trojan which allows the black hat hacker to control the victim’s computer and be used for a massive Denial of Service Attack to take down or disrupt services.
References [Heading Level 2]
[1] “distributed denial of service, n.”. OED Online. September 2021. Oxford University Press. https://www-oed-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/view/Entry/55777#eid233469643 (accessed October 08, 2021).
[2] “Denial of service attack (DoS attack).” Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 Feb. 2018. https://academic-eb-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/levels/collegiate/article/denial-of-service-attack/471037. Accessed 8 Oct. 2021.
[3] N. Perlroth, “Hackers used new weapons to disrupt major websites across U.S.,” The New York Times, 21-Oct-2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/22/business/internet-problems-attack.html. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2021].
To: Prof. Ellis
From: Victor Li
Date: 10/20/2021
Subject: Expanded Definition of Python and Networking
The purpose of this summary is to expend the background and history for the words Python and Networking. Python and networking are the words that I will be using for the summary.
Python is a high-level programming language used by programmers for coding. Networking is the study of computers and can be linked to share data. Networking can also help data processing run faster. Networking can improve the economy of the country. Routers are used for connecting WI-FI to the network.
Python is a high-level programming language designed by Guido van Rossum. Python is the easiest programming language to learn. A lot of beginner programmers start out learning Python because it is easy to use. The controls are also simple. Python is used for business, creating new websites, scientific computing, data processing, problem solving, photoshop, website operation and maintenance, language processing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. It supports imperative programming, functional programming, and object-oriented programming. “Python is highly popular around the world with its elegancy, compactness as well as simplicity, and it has become one of the most popular computer programming languages.” [2, p.1]
Reference
[1] Z. Guanghui, L. Yanjun, T. Yixiao, W. Zhaoxia and Z. Chengming, “Case-Based Teaching Organization for Python Programming that Focuses on Skill Training,” 2018 13th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE), 2018, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ICCSE.2018.8468860.
[2] “What Is Computer Networking?” Cisco, Cisco, 3 Feb. 2021, https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-networks/what-is-computer-networking.html.
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Olamide Yomi
DATE: 10//2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Web developer
Introduction [Heading Level 2]
The purpose of this document is to explore more into a web developer, expanding on the context, history, and definition. A web developer is one of the popular and fast-growing job opportunities in this modern age. Everyone uses Websites such as big companies, small businesses, E-commerce, school, etc.
Definitions [Heading Level 2]
According to Oxford English Dictionary, “Web developer is a person who develops websites and online applications, esp. with a focus on functionality and the practical aspects of implementing a design or brief.” This is a very generic definition of a web developer job stating the work they perform and showcasing the main online presence. [1, def 1]. According to the Britannica Academic, “A web developer is A technology specialist who uses programming languages to design and create the look and function of Web sites and their content.” [1, def 2]. Again, another generic definition which is supporting the first definition of a web developer but adding new information such as the use of programming language which is something web developer needs to make any web designs.
Context [Heading Level 2]
The following content expands on where the word web developer came from and how it has evolved throughout the ages. According to Gale eBooks, “By far, the factor most responsible for the rapid evolution of Internet site development was the onslaught of electronic commerce (e-commerce). Businesses seeking to hawk products over the Internet spurred the technology and the developers into overdrive in attempts to tailor World Wide Web sites and their capabilities to the companies’ marketing and distribution needs.” [2, P.1]. This really explains in detail the importance of web developer to business such as the modern and most popular form of business right now E-commerce business showing how web developers using skill to bring engaging markets to the business from the internet is a very big market for people with little attention span, so web developer must find and adapted to unique ways of getting audience engaging using different design and the use of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and programming to get markets for business.
The main job of a web developer is the creation of a good responsive(functioning) website design. According to the IEEE article “A responsive design is a technique that designers use to deliver elegant visual experience regardless any browser size used and any constraints lied on accessing device” [7, P.2] Almost every web developer is to build a web page that can adapt to every visitor’s screen size be it a smartphone or a computer, and change the layout in order to match the visitor device without any complication. Not only should your web page look good, but it should also be user-friendly. Regardless of the device size. This is what is referred to as a responsive website. The ability for a web developer to use CSS and HTML to reshape hide, shrink, enlarge, or move content on any screen size and make it look good. Web developer uses different techniques to make this happen. Such as using stetting the viewport, which is the visible area of the web page, using a building responsive grid, or favorable using a media query to control the page layout matching the device being used.
Working Definition [Heading Level 2]
Web developer are group of people who uses different programming language and skill design to create a website design to get audience from the benefit of themselves of business in general.
According to an article found on IEEE “A design is considered to be responsive if it uses these three points: a flexible grid, flexible images and media, and media queries.” [7. P.2]. By using this web developer can define the resolution ranges, meaning designing a flexible layout can be made easy. This is as web design has grown from the traditional method of designing which used to be fixed-width design with minimum resolution. As different device is invented, a web developer has to come out with a different way to adapt the design to it. By using HTML 5 and CSS 3 to create a website that does it.
The introduction of responsive website designing has reduced the problem of having to resize, panning, and scrolling and accessing them from any device. With the creation of it, people can now access important information easily.
References
[1] “Web developer,” in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, Jun. 2008, def. 1 [Online]. Available: https://www.oed.com
[2] Hector Santana “Web developer.” [Online]. Britannica Academic, Available: https://academic-eb-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Web-developer/632823 [Accessed: 15-Oct-2021].
[3] “Web Developers.” Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries, edited by Lynn M. Pearce, 6th ed., Gale, 2011, pp. 1048-1054. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1930200149/GVRL?u=cuny_nytc&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=7078b439. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.
[4] F. Y. Alnawaj’ha and M. S. Abutaha, “Responsive web design commitment by the web developers in Palestine,” 2018 4th International Conference on Computer and Technology Applications (ICCTA), 2018, pp. 69-73, doi: 10.1109/CATA.2018.8398658.
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Olamide Yomi
DATE: 10/21/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Web developer
Introduction [Heading Level 2]
The purpose of this document is to explore more into web developer, expanding on the context, history, and definition. Web developer is one of the popular and fast-growing job opportunities in this modern age. Everyone uses Websites such as big companies, small businesses, E-commerce, school, etc.
Definitions [Heading Level 2]
According to Oxford English Dictionary, “Web developer is a person who develops websites and online applications, esp. with a focus on functionality and the practical aspects of implementing a design or brief.” This is a very generic definition of a web developer job stating the work they perform and showcasing the main online presence. [1, def 1]. According to the Britannica Academic, “A web developer is A technology specialist who uses programming languages to design and create the look and function of Web sites and their content.” [1, def 2]. Again, another generic definition which is supporting the first definition of a web developer but adding new information such as the use of programming language which is something web developer needs to make any web designs.
Context [Heading Level 2]
The following content expands on where the word web developer came from and how it has evolved throughout the ages. According to Gale eBooks, “By far, the factor most responsible for the rapid evolution of Internet site development was the onslaught of electronic commerce (e-commerce). Businesses seeking to hawk products over the Internet spurred the technology and the developers into overdrive in attempts to tailor World Wide Web sites and their capabilities to the companies’ marketing and distribution needs.” [2, P.1]. This really explains in detail the importance of web developer to business such as the modern and most popular form of business right now E-commerce business shows how web developers using skills to bring engaging markets to the business from the internet is a very big market for people with little attention span, so web developer must find and adapted to unique ways of getting audience engaging using different design and the use of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and programming to get markets for business.
The main job of a web developer is the creation of a good responsive(functioning) website design. According to the IEEE article “A responsive design is a technique that designers use to deliver elegant visual experience regardless any browser size used and any constraints lied on accessing device” [7, P.2] Almost every web developer is to build a web page that can adapt to every visitor’s screen size be it a smartphone or a computer, and change the layout in order to match the visitor device without any complication. Not only should your web page look good, but it should also be user-friendly. Regardless of the device size. This is what is referred to as a responsive website. The ability for a web developer to use CSS and HTML to reshape hide, shrink, enlarge, or move content on any screen size and make it look good. Web developer uses different techniques to make this happen. Such as using stetting the viewport, which is the visible area of the web page, using a building responsive grid, or favorable using a media query to control the page layout matching the device being used.
Website should ensure information is delivered accurately without any loss of information regardless of the device being used on. This is one of the benefits of a responsive website is layout can be optimized to any Brower’s size and the fonts, pictures, and other different components, making it readable for users.
Working Definition [Heading Level 2]
Web developer are group of people who uses different programming language and skill design to create a website design to get audience from the benefit of themselves of business in general.
According to an article found on IEEE “A design is considered to be responsive if it uses these three points: a flexible grid, flexible images and media, and media queries.” [7. P.2]. By using this web developer can define the resolution ranges, meaning designing a flexible layout can be made easy. This is as web design has grown from the traditional method of designing which used to be fixed-width design with minimum resolution. As different device is invented, a web developer has to come out with different way to adapt the design to it. By using HTML 5 and CSS 3 to create a website that does it.
The introduction of responsive website designing has reduced the problem of having to resize, panning, and scrolling and accessing them from any device. With the creation of it, people can now access important information easily.
To shows, the importance of web developer, almost half a billion (429 million) mobile device and connection were added just in 2016. That millions of people using the internet and interacting with countless amount of websites. Big companies feed on human interacting and pay big money to web developers to make the website more appealing to users to generate revenue. As we see the world move away from physical purchases to more online, web developers will become the most paid and highly requested job.
References
[1] “Web developer,” in Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, Jun. 2008, def. 1 [Online]. Available: https://www.oed.com
[2] Hector Santana “Web developer.” [Online]. Britannica Academic, Available: https://academic-eb-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Web-developer/632823 [Accessed: 15-Oct-2021].
[3] “Web Developers.” Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries, edited by Lynn M. Pearce, 6th ed., Gale, 2011, pp. 1048-1054. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1930200149/GVRL?u=cuny_nytc&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=7078b439. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.
[4] F. Y. Alnawaj’ha and M. S. Abutaha, “Responsive web design commitment by the web developers in Palestine,” 2018 4th International Conference on Computer and Technology Applications (ICCTA), 2018, pp. 69-73, doi: 10.1109/CATA.2018.8398658.
To: Prof. Ellis
From: Mamadou Sakho
Date:0ctober 6, 2021
Subject: Expanded Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined based on the context it was used. I will be giving several examples of how Artificial Intelligence is used in different journals article or books. For example, the New York Times columnist Cade Metz wrote in his article titled “I am not a pilot, but I just flew a helicopter over California”, “The helicopter ride was a reminder that artificial intelligence is a work in progress. Even the most advanced technologies- everything from chatbots to robotics – are best used alongside humans, not in lieu of them” [3]. The use of the term Artificial Intelligence in this context means that after all, artificial intelligence is just a machine and is exposed to errors.
In addition, artificial intelligence has a big role to play in today’s medical, electrical engineering, and other science-based fields. According to the National Academic Press’s “…Success will enable the development of more efficient human-computer interfaces that occur at a lower level and the design of better-performing artificial intelligence systems” [4. P.18]. In this context, artificial intelligence is used as a machine or invention that once programmed well will revolutionize science.
Similarly, to the previous example, Artificial intelligence is considered to be a game-changer. In the book titled “It Began with Babbage: The Genesis of Computer Science,” the author said “it is fair to say that the article marked the beginning of a distinct branch of the emerging computer science later called artificial intelligence. But why should a computer capable of playing chess of the same level of skill as a good human chess player be deemed “intelligent” …” [5. P. 169]. In this context, artificial intelligence is used as a program that would give machines some human capabilities.
Reference:
[3] C. Metz, “I’m not a pilot but I just flew a helicopter over California,” New York Times, Oct. 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/technology/automated-flight-helicopter-skyryse.html?searchResultPosition=4
[4] National, Research Council, et al. Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, National Academies Press, 1997. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/citytech-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3376144.
[5] Dasgupta, Subrata. It Began with Babbage: The Genesis of Computer Science, Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/citytech-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1581028.
TO Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Pape Diop
DATE 10/26/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Software Programming
Introduction [Heading Level 2]
The purpose of this document is to explore more into Software programming. I will be expanding about its history, context, and definition. Software programs are used pretty much in everything materials we use daily, in line workplaces, enterprises, businesses, and socially.
Definitions [Heading Level 2]
According to Oxford English Dictionary, “Software programming is the collection of programs essential to the operating computer system, typically (in early use) being provided by the manufacturer”. In addition to that, “Software are programs designed to enable a computer to perform a particular task or series of tasks” [1]. This definition explained what software programming is and how it is executed. The word Software came a long way in the 19th century by Ada Lovelace’s programs for Charles Babbage’s analytical engine. [2]
Context[Heading Level 2]
According to Wikipedia, “The first generation of software for early stored-program digital computers in the late 1940s had its instructions written directly in binary code”[2]. Software programming came long away in the late 1940s with just binary code, 1s, and 0s. “Later, the development of modern programming languages alongside the advancement of the home computer would greatly widen the scope and breadth of available software.”[2]. This explanation gives a brief history of software and its development over the years. Now software programming is much more interesting compared to its early ages. With the help of technology, we can program with different languages (ex: Java, Python, C++, XML, etc.), build applications, and much more than binary code.
Furthermore, here’s a quote from MoreBusiness.com: 5 Reason Why Software Development is Important “Software development brings your business to new heights of integration. It allows your company to be accessible from almost anywhere via smartphone or computer.” [3]. The software helps companies and businesses to be reached by their clients, programs being developed to allow anyone to interact with them. This benefits the community of technology in general, anyone can build programs for any specific task.
Working Definition [Heading Level 2]
Software programming is a set of programming instructions in a memory of stored-program digital computers for execution by the processor. Programs that create outputs using data. I am majoring in software development, and doing this research about software gives me more information about my major.
References
[1] “Software”, in Oxford English Dictionary [Online] Available: https://www-oed-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/view/Entry/183938?redirectedFrom=software+#eid
[2] “History of Software”, Wikipedia [Online] Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_software
[3] MoreBusiness.com, 5 Reasons Why Software Development is Important. Available: https://www.morebusiness.com/5-reasons-why-software-development-is-important/