For your ELEVENTH post, you will post below a rough draft of your THIRD AND FINAL Reflective Annotated Bibliography entry.
In particular, you will post the SUMMARY and RHETORICAL ANALYSIS of your THIRD resource.
Same deal as last time!
Do not worry if you are unsure if what you produce is “correct.” This is JUST a rough draft! We will be going over them on Wednesday.
Refer to this handout for a very detailed overview of how to write your summary and rhetorical analysis: Structure of Unit 2 Reflective Annotated Bibliography Assignment.
Remember the following:
- In your summary you are just providing an overview of the resource, the kinds of information it includes, and what one might learn by consuming it. Your summary should capture the most important points the author makes relating to your research question. You most likely will not be able to talk about all of the information included in the resource.
- In your rhetorical analysis, you are evaluating how effective YOU think the resource is at achieving its purpose (to inform, to persuade, and/or to entertain) and reaching its
intended audience. Please incorporate AT LEAST ONE QUOTATION in your rhetorical analysis. Refer to this handout from class: How to Effectively Incorporate a Quotation into Academic Writing
You can also refer to the sample student writing we went over in class, keeping in mind that this sample writing has both strengths and weaknesses:
- Sample RAB Entry
- SAMPLE RHETORICAL ANALYSIS Â (Note: This example does not include the summary or key quotes section.)
The summary and rhetorical analysis should be at least 400 words. The summary should be about 1-2 paragraphs, and the rhetorical analysis should be about 2-3 paragraphs.
POST YOUR ENTRY BY 12 PM ON WEDNESDAY, 11/1.Â
By Melissa Koch, ForestTalk â How Trees Communicateâ @ City Tech Library. (n.d.).
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/citytech-ebooks/reader.action?docID=5607237
Melissa Koch is a writer who has a rare understanding of the life of trees and is able to describe it in plain, evocative language with her understanding of tree talk. Her book, Forest Talk : How Trees Communicate is about the life of trees, basically the point is whether trees can communicate. According to Melissa Koch, scientists call these mycorrhizal networks The slender, hair-like root tips of trees combine with tiny fungal filaments to form the basic connections of the network, which appears to be a symbiotic relationship between the tree and the fungus, or perhaps an economic exchange. As a payment for a service, the fungus consuming Trees use sunlight for about 30 percent of the sugars they photosynthesize.
As fungi search the soil for nitrogen, phosphorus, and other mineral nutrients, the sugars provide them with energy, and these nutrients are then absorbed and utilized by the trees Communicating over a network, trees send chemicals, hormones and slow-pulsing electrical signals that scientists are just beginning to understand. âAlarm and pain seem to be the main reasons for trees to talk,â although Wohlleben wonders if they are talking about it all.
âWhat do trees say when there is no danger and they are content? I want to know this. “Monica Gagliano of the University of Western Australia has collected evidence that some plants can also make and perceive sounds, particularly the crackling at the root at a frequency of 220 Hz that is inaudible to humans.” Trees also use pheromones and other olfactory signals to communicate through the air. When the giraffe starts chewing the acacia leaves, the tree notices the damage and sends out a distress signal in the form of ethylene gas. When this gas is detected, neighboring acacia trees begin injecting tannins into their leaves.â In sufficient quantities, these compounds can sicken and even kill large herbivores. What I read was very interesting, it basically talks about all the ways a tree can communicate with other trees or plants. This book walks through each piece of information and explains what the scientific name is that causes the trees to communicate. These are mycorrhizal networks.
What I read was very interesting. It basically talked of all the ways a tree might communicate with other trees or plants. This article puts every part of information by step and explains what is the scientific name of what causes trees to communicate. Which are mycorrhizal networks. This is basically like a phone signal or network but instead of using a phone, trees use their roots to communicate. I quoted the two pieces of information that can prove that this is a real study that has been studied in certain universities so they basically say that they have been researching and studying about this topic. I can agree with everything they say. They explain well and provide good enough evidence. This is basically like a phone signal or network but instead of using a phone, trees use their roots to communicate.
Bibliographic Entry: Ravenscroft, Tom. âManhattan Island Extension Could Provide Homes for 250,000 People.â Dezeen, Dezeen, 21 Jan. 2022, http://www.dezeen.com/2022/01/18/manhattan-island-extension-new-mannahatta/.
Summary: Rutgers University professor Jason Barr has proposed the “New Mannahatta” proposal, which would extend Manhattan Island into New York Harbor. This 1,760-acre addition, which includes Governors Island, intends to address New York City’s climate change and housing concerns. The idea forecasts combining wetlands and marshlands to absorb storm surges to enhance vulnerability against increasing sea levels. It might also create 180,000 new homes for around 247,000 people. According to Professor Barr, New Mannahatta tackles two significant issues in the city: climate change and housing affordability. While the idea is dramatic, it is based on historical precedents of enlarging Manhattan and may be financially possible because of New York’s high real estate values. This program reflects the need for large-scale, aggressive initiatives to solve serious issues.
Quotes:
1. “Superstorm Sandy in 2012 and Hurricane Ida in 2021 demonstrated how devastating surges and flooding can be, and yet little action has been taken on that front. And housing prices continue to rise,”
2. “Lower Manhattan is some of the most valuable and important real estate in the world, why not produce more of it? If the city is going to spend billions on flood walls and other resiliency projects, why not also try to get more housing out of it is as well?”~ Jason Barr
3. “First is the ever-looming problem of storm surges and flooding due to climate change. Second is that New York needs more housing. There is a major housing affordability issue in the city and any boost to supply can help alleviate the problem.”
The article suggests “New Mannahatta” is a persuasive work targeted largely at New York City inhabitants and decision-makers. Those interested in urban development, climate change, and urban housing issues appear to be the target audience. Through an editorial
piece in The New York Times, the author, Jason Barr, offers his plan directly
to New York Mayor Eric Adams. This fact implies a target audience of city
officials and policymakers with the authority to act on this proposal.
Even though the project is said to not be cheap and would require a lot of
support, Tom Ravenscroft states, âAlthough the proposal is dramatic, Barr
believes that large-scale initiatives are needed to help solve the growing
issues facing the city.â This quote shows that the climate change issue wonât
be fixed on its own and is the people of the city need to take the initiative
to bring forth better and happier change. The text effectively supports the
concept with data analysis and historical background. It discusses prior
examples of land extension in Lower Manhattan to create an example while explaining
the project’s economic viability. The use of financial calculations and
references to the high cost of real estate in New York gives credibility to the
practicality of the idea. The professor also provides a blank view of lower
Manhattan where he states show be expanded above and what the extension would
look like when added to the borough. This gives readers a better understanding
of what heâs trying to convey.
The resource, in my opinion, is excellent in proposing a bold solution to two major concerns confronting New York City: climate change and housing constraints. The author’s logic and economic arguments are convincing, and he strongly demonstrates that gradual modifications may not be enough to handle these difficulties. The plan promotes a larger debate and creative thinking about the city’s future. A more in-depth explanation of potential environmental repercussions and societal issues, on the other hand, would increase the resource’s persuasiveness even more. Also, this plan would need to be backed up by experts and credible people in the field to make sure itâs efficient and effective. Overall, it is an intriguing suggestion that should be seriously considered by urban planners and legislators. However, is this plan worth the money? Would it save New York City from sinking?
Summary
The article named âGroup laziness: the effect of social loafing on group performanceâ is an academic article focused on how people are more lazy or put less effort when working in a group. How when working in a group it can cause people to lose motivation and lessen efforts. This is known as social loafing. It’s one of the biggest things that can lead to poor group performance and possibly failure. Due to this it was research on why this happened and in what definition how does this happen. As such it the authors made studies on this topic called the Social Loafing Tendency Questionnaire or the STLQ for short. Before these studies it was predicted a negative effect on group performance that with a higher social loafing the worse the performance is. The result of these studies is that social loafing is a habit or a trait valuable, what that means is people with a high chance of social loafing would activate this trait more times then not and therefore negating affect the whole group. Not only that, it has shown how those who work by themselves are more often than not more efficient and effective in completing than compared to group work. All in all though this article has shown how some people when working in groups are possible to be lazy and or social loaf.
Rhetorical Analysis
This academic article called âGroup laziness: the effect of social loafing on group performanceâ is an interesting read to say the least. It was an article that details their research on the behavior of people when working in a group and or working by themselves and how some people may behave in a way that would affect the whole group, themselves included this is called social loafing. As such the target audience of this article is pretty small. It’s mainly for those who are researching laziness and procrastination or people that know the authors and want to read their work. Despite that it has some very interesting details. Such as the authors created a study design to dig deeper in this topic. The study had 212 people from the Renmin University of China, 109 men and 103 women that had consent before they entered into this study. All of which are anonymous in order for their identities to be hidden. They were all assigned a task that was generated and they had a choice on whether to work by themselves or in a group. 47 of the 212 decided to work in 3 to 5 person groups respectively. The leaders of each group were each given a Perceived Social Loafing Questionnaire or PSLQ for short. In order to evaluate the severity of social loafing of each member. It scaled from 1 to 5 where the higher the score the greater magnitude of social loafing there was. Participants were then given the results of the PSLQ and judged from 1 to 5. Where 1 strongly disagreed and 5 was strongly agreed. The result of all this was how overall those who work in a group were at a disadvantage compared to those who by themselves.
Teenage Credit Card Scammers Stealing from the Rich | Crimewave: https://youtu.be/XnpbVRg1-qc?si=Cazu1nS-X6OjugG5 : YouTube Channel: VICE, Published Date: Nov 17, 2022
The methods of scamming are very easy to learn and teach. There are places to buy people’s bank information, this is from information that the victim gives these fishy websites and a device that is called skimmers. A skimmer is a device that can swipe a person’s card, take the information, and these scammers use it for themselves. These can be used in atm machines, gas stations and even in some restaurants. When people buy the bank information, they aren’t told how much is inside the account so it’s like a roulette game. You can pay 100 dollars for an account that has 20 dollars, but you can also buy an account that costs 50 dollars and has 3,000 dollars in it. These scammers have inside people that do these activities; they pay them to do it. These inside people might be paid to do these bad deeds, making it even more complicated to catch these scammers. Most of the people that commit these crimes are young kids. Some of these scammers do these activities because they just want money to buy things that they want. There are other scammers that do it to provide for their family like buying food and paying rent to live, this is because of the job they have and how they don’t get a lot of money while scamming can get you a lot of money. Scammers can get away with this very easily because most of the time the bank company would give the victim their money back but there is always a chance that they can say no to it and you don’t get your money back. One thing that I forgot to mention is that they like to target rich people since it makes them feel less guilty because they have money. The legal system does not take stealing from the poor and/or working class seriously. When police take reports from these people, they rarely initiate investigations. Stealing from the rich will be investigated and if the scammer is caught, they will get some time in jail. This is not always true but itâs often that this happens. This unequal treatment isn’t fair, and it’s important for our legal system to protect everyone equally, no matter their financial situation, to ensure justice and fairness for all. The teenager in the video tells us that scamming individuals is safer than scamming the government. The teenager says once you mess with the government you are getting jail time but if it is just individuals the punishment is not as bad.
Bibliographic Entry 3: https://go-gale-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Journals&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&retrievalId=2aa1d708-2dce-472b-8648-2f5ce3233d23&hitCount=18&searchType=TopicSearchForm¤tPosition=16&docId=GALE%7CA216682563&docType=Report&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAY-MOD1&prodId=OVIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA216682563&topicId=00000000LVYO&searchId=&userGroupName=cuny_nytc&inPS=true
Summary:
This article explains many points such as the negative impact hip-hop may have on the youth but also explains it as cultural music that isnât tied to any race instead itâs for everyone. The biggest point this article makes is its accusation of saying hip-hop has a negative impact on youth. In paragraph 16 it stated âsome studies report evidence of increased violence, delinquency, substance use, and unsafe sexual activity resulting from young peopleâs exposure to rap musicâ. This can be used as a sufficient argument to show why rap can be negative. However forwarding right after that line it also states âother researchers have failed to find such a link or have exercised extreme cautionâ. This immediately could counter the argument that was just made. This article showcases a non biased opinion that can either go both ways. Lastly this article also explains that rap can be used as messages through music. This is true because it states âKitwana sees hip-hop as a form of protest music, offering its listeners a message of resistanceâ. Throughout times like 2020 music was very influential within the Black Lives Matter movement and this is a direct connection to those protests.
Rhetorical Analysis:
This article goes very deep into depth of âif the fact that hip-hop creates violenceâ very well. This is may be true to this day due to the fact that there is still violence that is brewed from many songs. There is music that is very well known for creating issues that goes by the genre âDrillâ which is a violent type of rap. However the author does include well counter arguments showing that there isnât any solid evidence to support that statement. Connecting to the real world, there is also songs that attempt to deescalate violence. Some were previously stated in this annotated bibliography. One main issue this article does have is its extensive size. To sum up the whole article is difficult because there is so much being said and it is just as hard to be able to sulk up all the information that is being distributed. To make this article much more easier to process all the information is to not include so much. As readers we tend to zone out depending on how long the article is or if there is too much going. Even though there is very minor cons this article explains in a phenomenal manor showcasing the somewhat problem hip-hop may have on the youth but as well as the message it could deliver in a positive way.
Alzheimerâs vs Processed Foods
Bibliography Entry: Burke, Susan N. “Ultraprocessed Foods â Like Cookies, Chips, Frozen Meals and Fast Food â May Contribute to Cognitive Decline.â https://theconversation.com/ultraprocessed-foods-like-cookies-chips-frozen-meals-and-fast-food-may-contribute-to-cognitive-decline-196560 31 Jan. 2023.
Summary :
Unhealthy diets heavy in fat and sugar can cause cognitive impairment, and memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease and normal aging are both correlated with bad diets. Eating highly processed foods may worsen age-related cognitive decline and raise the risk of dementia, according to recent studies, although it is not linked to poorer cognition in adults over 60. These foods tend to be lower in nutrients and fiber and higher in sugar, fat, and salt compared to unprocessed or minimally processed foods. They include soda, packaged cookies, chips, frozen meals, flavored nuts, flavored yogurt, distilled alcoholic beverages, and fast foods. Nutritionists who suggest that low levels of nutrients as well as fiber could account for the possible health hazards have challenged the NOVA classification for lacking precise standards of food processing. The potential impact of the slight variation in cognitive deterioration linked to increased intake of these meals on an individual basis remains uncertain. When considering how diet can affect cognition later in life, it is crucial to take into account how essential nutrition is to brain function.
Rhetorical Analysis:
I really love how informative the article was, but I really would have liked to know how this procedure worked out. Did they test it on particular individuals? Did they speak with these individuals both before and after consuming a lot of processed foods? And with what accuracy did they determine that this was the reason for the cognitive decline? Do they think that as time goes on, the number of cases of Alzheimer’s disease will rise? I believe that in order to completely understand this article, I will need to do more study on research or “experiments” involving people who consume excessive amounts of highly processed foods. Also, I would like to know if these people consumed excessive amounts of highly unprocessed foods before developing Alzheimer’s disease? Are they making these individuals consume highly processed foods or were they already doing so?
Source Entry 3:
Levi, David âAddressing Racial Disparities in the Courts.â Coping with COVID|, episode 8, 03, August 2020, https://judicialstudies.duke.edu
Summary:
In this 2020 podcast and video series, Director of the Bloch, Judicial Institute and President of the American Law Institute, David Levi, organizes a discussion panel with judges from the state and federal courts to address and confront racial disparities in the justice system and to ensure equal justice is met for all. The four panelists include a senior district judge of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Charles âChuckâ Breyer. A Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, Cheri Beasley. A United States Court of Appeals Judge for the Second District, Raymond Lohier. And an Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, Goodwin Liu. Each is an expert in their fields.
They openly discussed steps to foster the removal of bias and equal access processes of the courts. They highlighted reviewing current court policies, procedures, and data. Engaging with members of communities of color to build trust in the courts and legal system. Examining conscious, unconscious and implicit biases and training court staff how to recognize and how to mitigate them. Cheri Beasley talked about North Carolina implementing a âTurboTaxâ like websites âwhich will allow a self-represented litigant to go online, answer some questions and help them to fill out some pleadings in some of the cases that come before our court.â They proposed diversifying the legal profession, improving access to the courts and legal services, and assessing and measuring its progress.
Key Quotes:
Goodwin Liu âI think all of these things have to be on the table in a sense for examination, if we are going to understand why it is that so many millions of people, not just in this country, but even throughout the world responded so powerfully to the idea that the justice system is not quite living up to its aspiration of equal justice under law.â
David Levi âwe did a study of sentencing. And we did not find racial disparity. But at that time, the guidelines were being applied very rigorously. And of course, the reasons why judges didnât like the way in which the guidelines were applied and over time the courts have loosened, theyâve increased the discretion the judges have under the guidelines following the Booker opinion by the United States Supreme Court. And the US Sentencing Commission now sees racial disparity in federal sentences. And in a 2017 report, the commission found that Black defendants are accused of the same offenses and with the same aggravating and mitigating factors received heavier sentences than white defendants.
Charles âChuckâ Breyer âas an example of African Americans, they are far more likely to be arrested and prosecuted than the white person in a particular neighborhood, itâs just the experience of America.â
Rhetorical Analysis:
As a result of the killings of Ahmaud Arbery, George Floyd, and Breonna Taylor (all black individuals) the topic of racial equality has brung about civil unrest in all sectors of the American System. This source specifically discusses the judicial system and how judges and courts are working to address racial disparities. After visiting the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC a panelist discusses âmaking a visit to the museum a component of the baby judges school for new judges, federal judgesâ Lohier, Raymond. This would mean that every judge, incoming and/or new, would be mandated to get and see the experience of African Americans in the U.S. and know how overwhelmingly crucial the experience is to U.S. history.
The intended target audience of this source seems to be judges. This source is meant to inform about the exploration of racial education programs for federal judges, the disparities in sentencing for Black men in the U.S., and the obligation judges and justices have to provide a justice system that works fairly for all Americans.
https://www-sciencedirect-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/science/article/pii/S2405844023053781
âWater pollution control and revitalization using advanced technologies: Uncovering artificial intelligence options towards environmental health protection, sustainability and water securityâ by Emmanuel Kwame Ntiab & w, Samuel Jerry Cobbina b, Eunice Efud Attafuah C, Lydia Dziedzorm Senanu a b, Gloria Amenyeku a b, Michael Amoah Gyan d, Dorcas Forson, Abdul-Rafiw Safo.Published by Heliyon. Online article available on ScienceDirect, CityTech Library.
Summary:
The article suggests that there are ways to control water pollution, the main focus in the Article is the Pra River basin. This river is in Ghana and was impacted because of illegal mining. The article suggests that in order to keep water pollution under control, scientists need to understand the river/body of water theyâre dealing with, they need to understand the geography and surroundings of the area that led it to be like that. The article mentions that technology is a big factor in water pollution control management. Different kinds of technology are used to understand the body of water they’re dealing with, and how bad the toxicity in it is. With technology scientists try to reduce or control the amount of toxicity each body of water contains. Many different technologies are used together in order to try to solve this issue.
Quotes:
Rhetorical Analysis:
This article’s targeted audience seems to be government officials that can make a change in law. It talked about how there should be laws enforced on illegal mining so that it can end, this would help reduce and manage toxicity levels. Government officials would be the only ones who are capable of making laws to enforce such things, and help reduce and manage water pollution.
3rd RAB Entry:
HITC Sevens âThe History Of Football In 10 Minutesâ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBIwiK7U9l0
Summary:
This video showcases the history of soccer itself as a whole. While talking about the development of the federations, it also dives into the origins of the sport, showcasing the early days of the sport and how people helped shape the sport into what it is seen as today. It also dives into the backgrounds of certain soccer prospects and shows how their influence as a player helped to support the rise of the sport worldwide. The video conveyed a lot of information towards the sports history and showed the reader how the sport developed overtime. The narrator of the video states a lot of information but does not give a background check as to where they got their information from. The credibility can be questionable and or bias.
Key Quotes:
âThe founding of the Football Association in 1863 the world’s first Football Association the FA were headed up by Hall mates of a Bernese a cob Morley who drew up the first unified laws of the game the year the organization was founded the world’s first association football clubs such as Cambridge University barns Sheffield FC and Hallam FC were founded in the mid eighteen hundreds and not long after in 1860 the first non-british team was founded in lucerne in switzerland followed by the first non-european team Sarris FC founded in argentina in 1867 both Luzerne and buenos aires football clubs were founded by british people by railway workers and managers in Argentina and by students in Switzerland and they represented the star of the sport spreading internationallyâ
âIn 1867 the world’s first football tournament the you Dan Cup took place in Sheffield and was won by Hallam FC five years later the world’s first nationwide competition and the world’s oldest football tournament still in existence was born the Football Association cup with the first final seeing London club Wanderers FC overcome the Royal Engineers the first international football match between England and Scotland took place in 1870 followed by the first international match recognized by FIFA in 1872 both games ended in drills during the 1870s and 1880s football went from a rigidly individualistic sport in which players look to dribble as far as they could without losing the ballâ.
Rhetorical Analysis:
As I watched the video, the narrator states a bunch of information from the start about the origins of the sport. The video talks about how the world’s first football federation, the Football Association (FA), was established in 1863 and was led by Ebenezer Cobb Morley, who was instrumental in drafting the first set of uniform game laws. The FA’s founding was a significant turning point in the codification of soccer regulations. The narrator also talks about how the first international football match was played in 1870 between England and Scotland. The information provided by the author shows that soccer developed from a simple sport of players running back and forth with a ball to each other’s side, to a sport where the players main objective was to dribble the ball as far as they could without losing it. This change in playing style paved the way for the creation of a more structured strategy within the sport.
The information provided was very informative, and the visuals of the video helped direct and focus the reader on the video. The visuals of the video were not all that special and seemed kind of boring. Instead of playing videos or clips and highlights from the past, the narrator/creator of the video decided to just use pictures with no special effects or anything like that. As a viewer, I found the video kind of boring to watch. But we must remember that the visuals are not the most important thing here. It is the information provided for the reader/viewer. All the information stated in the video helps the readers/audience understand the development of the sport. The intended audience seems to be people interested in the history of not just the FIFA federation, but the history of the entire sport as a whole. And the author’s main goal was to provide information to answer the questions many people had about the history of this sport.