Category: 750-Word Expanded Definition

TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Angela Hernandez
DATE: 3/26/2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Cookies

Introduction

This is an expanded definition that explores the word history of a term as a general introduction for undergraduates studying Computer Systems Technology.  The term I will be defining in this document is cookies, through the use of dictionaries, encyclopedias and academic journals to examine how it is defined and used in varied contexts.  In the following document, I discuss several definitions of the term, compare and contrast how the term is used in different contexts and give my own working definition of the term based on the different definitions and contextual uses of the term.

Definitions

The Oxford English Dictionary defines cookies as “a token or packet of data that is passed between computers or programs to allow access or to activate certain features; (in recent use spec.) a packet of data sent by an internet server to a browser, which is returned by the browser each time it subsequently accesses the same server, thereby identifying the user or monitoring his or her access to the server” (Oxford English Dictionary, n.d.).  In this definition, the Oxford English Dictionary is providing a more general and then a specific definition of the term cookies.

According to the Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, “Cookies are simply tiny text files that a Web server sends to the browser and retrieves each time the user accesses the Web site” (Henderson, 2009, p. 116).  Unlike the Oxford English Dictionary, cookies are defined as ‘tiny text files’ that are sent by a Web server to a browser.  In contrast, this definition makes no mention of the fact that cookies are used to identify or monitor a user’s access to the server. 

In the article, ‘I Know What You Did Last Summer: New Persistent Tracking Mechanisms in the Wild’, the authors Stefano Belloro and Alexios Mylonas (2018) state “An HTTP cookie is a short piece of data (typically with size 4k) that a website sends to a client, either via HTTP response headers or by using client-side scripting.” In this definition, the term cookie is attached to the word HTTP which stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.  “HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands” (Beal, n.d.).  The cookie is sent from a website via HTTP response headers which is essentially information in the form of a text record that a Web server sends back to the user’s browser in response to receiving an HTTP request.  Unlike the last two definitions, here the term cookies or cookie is less general and more technical.  The authors define what a cookie is in terms of the World Wide Web and how it is sent via the Web.

Context

The New York Times article, ‘FROM THE DESK OF; Shopping on the Web: It’s Scary Out There’ by Alan Feigenbaum, describes how cookies have been used by web sites to lure users into making impulse buys from targeted ads and how to best avoid these practices.  Feigenbaum writes “Every time you click on an Internet link, there’s a good chance that the site is feeding a “cookie” – computer talk for a small file that logs the links you make from a Web site – to your hard drive.  Your computer can later read these cookies to see where you’ve been orbiting in cyberspace so that ads custom-tailored to you will be displayed when you next view the site” (Feigenbaum, 1997).  The author Hal Berghel likewise details the development of different cookies to track consumer behavior on the internet in his article ‘Toxic Cookies’.  Berghel writes “Cookies were created to overcome the statelessness of HTTP for Web commerce applications” (Berghel, 2013, p. 104).  He goes on to explain how the ‘recipe’ for cookies was invented for e-commerce applications by Lou Montulli in response to a need for client-side memory and later adopted for use in monitoring user information.  “The general idea was straightforward as part of an HTTP response to a browser, a server-side platform uses a “set cookie” header to leave small amount of digital guano (cookies) on the user’s hard disk.  The set cookie attributes are transaction-oriented data, such as user ID, name, date, server domain, pages visited, shopping cart contents and potentially, any personally identifying information (PII) the user provides during the session.  White this information is stored on the user’s side, it’s also creating a server-side memory” (Berghel, 2013, p. 104).

Working Definition

As it relates to Computer Systems Technology, Cookies are packets of data that are stored on a user’s hard disk by a web server and accessed by a web browser.  These packets contain information about the user and their use of web sites.  Oftentimes cookies are used to create targeted ads and cater to a user’s interests and preferences. 

References

Beal, V. (n.d.). Http meaning: What is hypertext transfer protocol? Retrieved March 08, 2021, from https://www.webopedia.com/definitions/http/

Belloro, S., & Mylonas, A. (2018). I know what you did last summer: New persistent tracking mechanisms in the wild. IEEE Access, 6, 52779-52792. http://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2869251.

Berghel, H. (2013). Toxic Cookies. Computer (Long Beach, Calif.), 46(9), 104–107. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2013.330

Feigenbaum, A. (1997). FROM THE DESK OF; Shopping On the Web: It’s Scary Out There. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/21/business/from-the-desk-of-shopping-on-the-web-its-scary-out-there.html?searchResultPosition=490

Henderson, H. (2009). Encyclopedia of computer science and technology (Rev. ed.). Facts On File. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000hend/page/116/mode/2up

Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.) Cookies. In Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://www-oed-com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/view/Entry/40961?rskey=aWP9CU&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

Last week, I sent around the “Reply All” starter email for each team’s peer review on the second major project in our class: the Expanded Definition Essay project.

Since peer review didn’t begin until Friday, Mar. 12, you have until Friday, Mar. 19 to complete peer review on your Expanded Definition Project.

This gives you until Friday, Mar. 26 to submit your Expanded Definition Project on OpenLab (though, you are welcome to submit it earlier when you are ready).

Below, I am including the model for the Expanded Definition Project with a few notes to pay attention to regarding publishing your Expanded Definition Project as a post on our OpenLab Course Site. Watch this week’s lecture for detailed instructions on posting your work to OpenLab.

Your Name's Expanded Definition of YOUR TERM

TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Your Name
DATE: Due Date
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of YOUR TERM

Introduction [Heading Level 2]
What is the purpose of this document? What term are you defining? How are you discussing the way it is defined and the way it is used in context? Describe a road map for what follows (definitions and context). This content should be published as paragraphs, unlike the heading for this section, which is a level 2 heading.

Definitions [Heading Level 2]
Quote several definitions of the term that you selected. Provide quotes and parenthetical citations for each definition, and include your sources in the References section at the end of the document. Each definition that you include deserves discussion in your words about what it means and how it relates to the other definitions that you include. Consider how they are alike, how are they different, who might use one versus another, etc.

Context [Heading Level 2]
Quote several sentences from a variety of sources that use the term in context. A range of sources would provide the best source material for your discussion of how the term is used in these contexts. For example, a quote from an academic journal or two, a quote from a newspaper or magazine, a quote from a blog, and a quote from social media would give you a range of uses that might have different audiences. For each quote, you should devote at least as much space as the quote discussing what it means in that context and how it relates to the other quotes in context. Each quote should be in quotes, have a parenthetical citation, and a bibliographic entry in your references at the end of your document.

Working Definition [Heading Level 2]
Based on the definitions that you quoted and discussed, and the contextual uses of the term that you quoted and discussed, write a working definition of the term that's relevant to your career field or major, which you will need to identify (this is the specific context for your working definition).

References [Heading Level 2]
Order your APA-formatted bibliographic references by the author's last name, alphabetically. In your posted version, they do not need a hanging indent. And, they should not be in a bulleted list.

Submission Notes:

• For APA citations, refer to the Purdue OWL’s APA guide and if you do any indirect quotes, use this guide on the Simon Fraser Library’s website.
• Remember to remove the bracketed headings information before publishing your work–this is only a guide to help you choose the correct heading levels while creating your post.

During this week’s lecture, I discussed the following outline as a good model for you to follow while creating your own Expanded Definition essay. A good rule of thumb for your quoted material would be at least 2 cited definitions and 3 cited contextual sentences, but you might find having more definitions and more contextual sentences strengthen your essay. Remember to discuss, explain, and compare/contrast the quotes that you find to help your reader understand how these all relate to one another before endeavoring to write your working definition at the end of your essay.

Your Name's Expanded Definition of YOUR TERM

TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Your Name
DATE: Due Date
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of YOUR TERM

Introduction [Heading Level 2]
What is the purpose of this document? What term are you defining? How are you discussing the way it is defined and the way it is used in context? Describe a road map for what follows (definitions and context). This content should be published as paragraphs, unlike the heading for this section, which is a level 2 heading.

Definitions [Heading Level 2]
Quote several definitions of the term that you selected. Provide quotes and parenthetical citations for each definition, and include your sources in the References section at the end of the document. Each definition that you include deserves discussion in your words about what it means and how it relates to the other definitions that you include. Consider how they are alike, how are they different, who might use one versus another, etc.

Context [Heading Level 2]
Quote several sentences from a variety of sources that use the term in context. A range of sources would provide the best source material for your discussion of how the term is used in these contexts. For example, a quote from an academic journal or two, a quote from a newspaper or magazine, a quote from a blog, and a quote from social media would give you a range of uses that might have different audiences. For each quote, you should devote at least as much space as the quote discussing what it means in that context and how it relates to the other quotes in context. Each quote should be in quotes, have a parenthetical citation, and a bibliographic entry in your references at the end of your document.

Working Definition [Heading Level 2]
Based on the definitions that you quoted and discussed, and the contextual uses of the term that you quoted and discussed, write a working definition of the term that's relevant to your career field or major, which you will need to identify (this is the specific context for your working definition).

References [Heading Level 2]
Order your APA-formatted bibliographic references by the author's last name, alphabetically. In your posted version, they do not need a hanging indent. And, they should not be in a bulleted list.