There are two to make copies of cell and organism the first and most controversialĀ is cloning and that is known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this process you take the cell you want to clone and Ā attach with egg and send an electric charge through the unit. This electric charge damages the membrane between the two in the nucleus of the cell clone dumps into that empty egg Ā and then after you add some chemical to the full unit and thinking its fertilized. Its starts providing with some action known as primplant Ā action embryo. After you can do one of two thing either you can place in petris dish where you can turn into embryonic stem cell. Which is the master cells of the body. After that it can turn in every cell type. And then the other alternative that you can place into surrogate animal to create an entire organism. There is another process called cell programming Ā and it leads to induced pluripotent stem cell. In this you start with semetic cell or piece of skin and you add some transcription factors and bring that differenciate cell back to the stage it was before very much like embryonic cell. And there are some new tenhnologine that turn whole cell into a new organism.
Argument Ā ( why i think human should not be cloned )
Should humans be cloned?
Physicians from the American Medical Association and scientists with the American Association for the Advancement of Science have issued formal public statements advising against human reproductive cloning. The U.S. Congress has considered the passage of legislation that could ban human cloning. See theĀ Policy and LegislationĀ links below.
Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning (only about 1 or 2 viable offspring for every 100 experiments) and the lack of understanding about reproductive cloning, many scientists and physicians strongly believe that it would be unethical to attempt to clone humans. Not only do most attempts to clone mammals fail, about 30% of clones born alive are affected with “large-offspring syndrome” and other debilitating conditions. Several cloned animals have died prematurely from infections and other complications. The same problems would be expected in human cloning. In addition, scientists do not know how cloning could impact mental development. While factors such as intellect and mood may not be as important for a cow or a mouse, they are crucial for the development of healthy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible. See theĀ Cloning EthicsĀ links below for more information about the human cloning debate.
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml
- -It has high failure rate
- -Its against nature
- -Its against my religion
- -We don’t know the result/aftermath of what it could cause
- -It may make the cycle of nature unstable
by Omar Hussain
Stem cells are versatile cells in the body which are able both to reproduce themselves and to produce more specialized cells. As such, they are of great potential value in repairing and regenerating damaged cells and tissue. Many conditions are currently or potentially treatable with the use of stem cells, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, heart disease, stroke and diabetes.
Stem cells can be obtained from various sources. They can be obtained from the early human embryo, from the older human embryo or foetus, from the newborn baby (e.g. from the umbilical cord), from the older child and from the adult. As the individual develops, it is thought that stem cells become more committed to a particular destination in the body; however, some degree of flexibility appears to be retained.
Cloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. The most famous clone was a Scottish sheep named Dolly. The tree different type of cloning are
-Gene cloning, which creates copies of genes or segments of DNA. the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today.
-Reproductive cloning. In this procedure, the nucleus of an unfertilized ovum is replaced by the nucleus of a body cell from an existing human being. The ovum is then stimulated to create an embryo. As the nucleus contains almost all of the cell’s genetic material, the embryo created is the clone or twin of the human being from whom the nucleus was taken, and could be used as a source of stem cells for research and eventual transplantation.
-Therapeutic cloning, is sometimes described as therapeutic as opposed to reproductive cloning. In `reproductive’ cloning, the clone is transferred to the body of a woman and allowed to go to term. It should be noted that the cloning procedure itself is identical for `reproductive’ and `therapeutic’ cloning: the only difference lies in the purpose for which the clone would be created. Researchers hope to use these cells to grow healthy tissue to replace injured or diseased tissues in the human body.
by Christian Tchegnon
Diseases Treated With Stem Cells
Scientists and researches are interested in stem cells for many different reasons; one of them is disease that can be treated with stem cell. Medical researches believe that stem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the treatment of human disease. A number of adult stem cell therapy already exist, particularly bone marrow transplants that are used to treat leukemia. In the future, scientists plan to use stem cell to treat cancer, Parkinsonās disease, spinal cord injuries, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and muscle damage and many more.
Cloning is a form of asexual reproduction. A child produced by cloning would be the genetic duplicate of an existing person. If you cloned yourself, the resulting child would be neither your son or daughter nor your twin brother or sister, but a new category of human being: your clone.
1. Reproductive cloning can provide genetically related children for people who cannot be helped by other fertility treatments (i.e., who do not produce eggs or sperm).
2. Reproductive cloning would allow lesbians to have a child without having to use donor sperm, and gay men to have a child that does not have genes derived from an egg donor (though, of course, a surrogate would have to carry the pregnancy).
3. Reproductive cloning could allow parents of a child who has died to seek redress for their loss.
4. Cloning is a reproductive right, and should be allowed once it is judged to be no less safe than natural reproduction.
Potential Medical Benefits
ā¢ The possibility that through cloning technology we will learn to renew activity of damaged cells by growing new cells and replacing them.
ā¢ The capability to create humans with identical genetic makeup to act as organ donors for each other, i.e., kidney and bone marrow transplants.
ā¢ The benefit of studying cell differentiation at the same time that cloning is studied and developed.
ā¢ Sterile couples will be able to have offspring will have either the motherās or fatherās genetic pattern.
by Michelle Bistrova