Author: sara

Referring to Ching’s we have masonry wall sections and how how concere, steel wood floor and roof system are supported by and tied to various types of masonry bearing walls. And how pressure treated for different materials and also how joists work together. Natural stone masonry is a durable, weather resistant construction materials that may be laid in mortar much like clay and concrete masonry units to make bearing and non bearing walls. We have three different types of rubble which are random rubble, coursed , and squared. And also a 3 types of ashlers which are random , coursed and broken rangwork ashlar. Each one is built with a different type of stone. Therefore we have many different elements for window such as rough opening, casing trim, window frame and sash and glazing and each one of them have a different function. Also the opening of the window would make a difference too and have different shapes such as fixed, casement aweing, sliding and others.

According to Ching Book moisture and thermal protection roofing materials provide the water resistant covering for a roof system. They range in form virtually continuous, impervious membranes to overlapping or interlocking pieces of shingles and tiles. They apply it or provide it to prevent water from leaking into a roof assembly and eventually the interior of a building. Also flashing must be installed along roof edges where roofs change slop. So wall flashing is installed to collect any moisture that may penetrate a wall and divert it to the outside through weep holes.  There is 5 basic types of flashing such as parapet , spandrel head sill and base course flashing. Refers to Ching’s Masonry veneer construction consists of a single wythe of masonry serving as a weather barrier and anchored but not bonded to a supporting structural frame. And the we have the thermal insulation which is the primary purpose of thermal insulation is to control the flow or trasfer of heat through the exterior assembliew of a building and thereby prevent excessive heat loss in cold seasons and heat gain in hot weather. As ching says we have 4 types of ventilation: one for the whole house, other for energy recovery, roof and attic and crawl space.

According to Ching in his book Masonry arch utilize the compressive strength of brick and stone to span openings by transforming the vertical forces of a supported load into inclined components. We have different of Archs one is the Roman Arch, Gothic Arch and a Jack Arch. Wood joist floors are an essential subsystem of wood light frame construction. Joist span is related to magnitude of applied loads, species and grade of lumber used. Wood subflooring is the structural material that spans across floor joists, serves as a working platform during construction and provide a base for the finish flooring. It includes Panel subfloor, Underlayment and or even combined Subfloor and Underlayment. Steel Beams is more structurally efficient wide flange W shapes have largely superseded the classic I beamS shapes it also can be in a C shape as well. Metal decking is corrugated to increase its stiffness and spanning capability. There are three major types f metal decking Form Decking, Composite Decking and Cellular Decking. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces. The top and bottom bars are longitudinal bars serving as tension and the part in the middle is surving as compression.

Referring to ching book in reinforced concrete beams which they are designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces with a specific beam depth. And in concrete colums which are designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Also he mentioned the reinforced concrete columns which are usually cast with concrete beams and slabs to form a monolithic structure. In addition for the precast concrete slabs, beams, and structure tees are one way spanning units that may be supported by sitecate concrete, precast concrete and many others. steel has a special way of connections and it has 10 of them and it has different shapes such as the S shape, W shape, C shape and a construral tube. He have also talked about the Masonry Bonding which is basically on how to place or organise the pattern of the structure.

In this section of the book Ching is talking about Concrete, Masonry, Steel, Stoon and Wood. Concere is a mixed of water,aggregate and cement. There is 5 different types of cements are listed in Ching’s book. Adding Aggregate to Concrete is important to the strength, weight, and fire resistance of the hardened concrete. Masonry refers to a building with different natural products such as Bricks, Stone and Concrete blocks. Steel is basically any type of iron that have a carbon content less then cast iron and more than wrought iron. It has differen types of shaping such as first Structural tubing which can be either square, rectangular or circular. Second WT shape or L shape. Third is Basrd that can be either square, round and or even flat. Stone is an aggregate or combination of minerals which is composed of inorganic chemical substances to qualify as a construction material. to be qualified stone should have: strenght, hardness, Durability, workability, density and appearance. Reffering to ching’s book Wood is strong, durable, light in weight and easy to work with as a construction material. Two of the major classes of wood are softwood and hardwood.

Referring to ching book in this section ching is talking and describing about all the different kinds of structure (structural spans, structural  patterns) and what is it made or formed of (planks or decking, joists, beams or griders, slab or plate structure, bearing wall and column/ beam frame). He’s also mentioned te different types of bracing depending on the perpose of the building and the meterial that it is made of ( knee bracing, k- brace, cross bracing, and cable bracing). He also taked about structular grides that some parts of the grides can be removed or even sometime it would be shifted at an angle  to the side of the grid.

Collinear: forces occure along a straight line

Vector: the sum of which is the algebric sum of the magnitude of the forces, acting along the sum line of action.

The vector: sum of all forces acting on it must equal zero, ensuring translational equilibrium : M fx =0; M fy =0; M fz =0

Kern area: is the central area of any horizontal sectio of a colum or walls

The polygon method: is a graphic technique for finding the vectors sum of a coplanar system of several concurrent forces by drawing to scale each force vector

Nonconcurrent force: they have lines of action that do not intersecr at a common point , tge vector sum of which is a single force that cuz sum traslation and rotation of a body.

Architecture and Building Construction are two different things but both of them include: Various, elements, and components.

Architecture As The Art Of Building : we should consider the following conceptual systems of order in addition to the physical ones of construction.

• definition , scale, proportion, organization of the interior space.
• human activities and their scale and dimension.
• the functional zoning of the spaces of a building according to purposes and use.
• vertical and horizontal access path movement interiorly.
• Sensible Qualities: form, space, light, color, texture and pattern.
• integrated within natural and built environment.

Structural System: it is designed and constructed to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its members.

• Super Structure: vertical extension of building above the foundation
• Substructure: the underlining structure forming the foundation of a building

Enclosure System: is the shell of the building including roof, exterior walls windows, and doors.

• windows
• doors
• interior walls
• roof and exterior walls

Mechanical System : it provides essential services to a building

• water supply sys
• sewage disposal sys
• heating ventilating and air conditioning sys
• electric sys
• vertical transportation sys
• fire-lighting sys
• wast disposal and recycling sys may be needed

Egress:  safe exit access from any point of the building ( exit access, exit,  exit discharge)

Occupant load: the # of people that can fit in the building house etc..

Building code specify (health & safe): requires

– fire resisting material deepens on how high and area per floor

-fire alarm and sprinkler

1)Exit Access: Building Code Specify the max distance to the exit and degree of fire hazard. exit pass should be eliminated by emergency lighting in case power failer. Area of refuge.

-A horizontal exit: constrictive around the wall that separate and protect by automatic closing fire door.

2) Exit: doors for outside easy/fast exit. smoke proof encloser either a stairway or wall resistive construction. exterior exit balcony.

3)Exit discharge: all exit must discharge to a safe place such as exit court,exit yard, public way.