In Ching’s book, He explains how structural units (beams, columns, and bearing walls) need to be placed in order to carry the load of the structure. When it comes to beams and columns there is a rule on how wide the span between them must be. The span also depends on how the structure is. For example, if there are two bearing walls they are more effective with a series of joists or planks.  On page 2.20, Ching shows a chart on span can the material hold and what they can hold with that length.  Structural patterns is another way for the materials to bear. Ching states, “The inherent geometric order of a grid can be used in the design process to initiate and reinforce the functional and spatial organization of a building design.” In the structure there should also be lateral stability. The basic design for that are Rigid frames, shear walls, and braced frames.  Rigid frames and braced frames can use additional design for more lateral support such as knee bracing, k-brace, and cross-bracing. However, the lateral forces should be arranged in a symmetrical order of center and mass to prevent destructive torsional effects.