Tag: trigonometric functions

Lesson 17: Trigonometric functions

Hi everyone! Read through the material below, watch the videos, and follow up with your instructor if you have questions.

Lesson 17: Trigonometric functions

Topic. This lesson covers Session X: lessontopic

Learning Outcomes.

LearningOutcome1

WeBWorK. There are X WeBWorK assignments on today’s material:

Functions – Function Notation

Lesson Notes. Coming Soon

Additional Video Resources.

Functions by formulas and graphs

Lesson 20: Trigonometric equations

Hi everyone! Read through the material below, watch the videos, and follow up with your instructor if you have questions.

Lesson 20: Trigonometric equations

Topic. This lesson covers Session X: lessontopic

Learning Outcomes.

LearningOutcome1

WeBWorK. There are X WeBWorK assignments on today’s material:

Functions – Function Notation

Lesson Notes. Coming Soon

Additional Video Resources.

Functions by formulas and graphs

Lesson 19: Inverse trigonometric functions

Hi everyone! Read through the material below, watch the videos, and follow up with your instructor if you have questions.

Lesson 19: Inverse trigonometric functions

Topic. This lesson covers Session X: lessontopic

Learning Outcomes.

LearningOutcome1

WeBWorK. There are X WeBWorK assignments on today’s material:

Functions – Function Notation

Lesson Notes. Coming Soon

Additional Video Resources.

Functions by formulas and graphs

Lesson 18: Addition of angles and multiple angle formulas

Hi everyone! Read through the material below, watch the videos, and follow up with your instructor if you have questions.

Lesson 18: Addition of angles and multiple angle formulas

Topic. This lesson covers Session X: lessontopic

Learning Outcomes.

LearningOutcome1

WeBWorK. There are X WeBWorK assignments on today’s material:

Functions – Function Notation

Lesson Notes. Coming Soon

Additional Video Resources.

Functions by formulas and graphs

Lesson 20: Trigonometric Equations

April 23, 2020 / Jonas Reitz / 0 Comments

Hi everyone! Read through the material below, watch the videos, and send me your questions. Don’t forget to complete the Daily Quiz (below this post) before midnight to be marked present for the day.

Lesson 20: Trigonometric Equations

Lesson Date: Thursday, April 23rd.
Topic: This lesson covers Chapter 20: Trigonometric Equations.
WeBWorK: There is one WeBWorK assignment on today’s material, due next Thursday 4/30:
Trigonometry – Equations

Question of the Day: If we know $\sin (x) = \frac{1}{2}$ , what do we know about the angle $x$ ?

Lesson NOtes (Notability – pdf):

This .pdf file contains most of the work from the videos in this lesson. It is provided for your reference.

Lesson 20_ Trigonometric Equations Download

Basic Trigonometric Equations

Equations of the form tan(x)=c

Example 20.1. Solve for $x$ : $\tan (x) = \sqrt{3}$

VIDEO: Example 20.1, tan(x)=c

Observation 20.2. To solve $\tan (x) = c$ , we first determine one solution $x = \tan^{- 1} (c)$ . Then the general solution is given by:
$x = \tan^{- 1} (c) + n \cdot π where n = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \pm 3, \dots$

EQUATIONS OF THE FORM cos(x)=c

Example 20.4. Solve for $x$ : $\cos (x) = \frac{1}{2}$

VIDEO: Example 20.4, cos(x)=c

Observation 20.5. To solve $\cos (x) = c$ , we first determine one solution $x = \cos^{- 1} (c)$ . Then the general solution is given by:
$x = \pm \cos^{- 1} (c) + 2 n \cdot π where n = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \pm 3, \dots$

EQUATIONS OF THE FORM sin(x)=c

Example 20.7. Solve for $x$ : $\sin (x) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$

VIDEO: Example 20.7, sin(x)=c

Observation 20.8. To solve $\sin (x) = c$ , we first determine one solution $x = \sin^{- 1} (c)$ . Then the general solution is given by:
$x = (- 1)^{n} \cdot \sin^{- 1} (c) + n \cdot π where n = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \pm 3, \dots$

Summary: We summarize the different formulas used to solve the basic trigonometric equations in the following table.

Solve: $\sin (x) = c$	Solve: $\cos (x) = c$	Solve: $\tan (x) = c$
First, find one solution, that is: $\sin^{- 1} (c)$ . Use: $\sin^{- 1} (- c) = - \sin^{- 1} (c)$	First, find one solution, that is: $\cos^{- 1} (c)$ . Use: $\cos^{- 1} (- c) = π - \cos^{- 1} (c)$	First, find one solution, that is: $\tan^{- 1} (c)$ . Use: $\tan^{- 1} (- c) = - \tan^{- 1} (c)$
The general solution is: $x = (- 1)^{n} \sin^{- 1} (c) + n π$	The general solution is: $x = \pm \cos^{- 1} (c) + 2 n π$	The general solution is: $x = \tan^{- 1} (c) + n π$
where $n = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \dots$	where $n = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \dots$	where $n = 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \dots$

Example 20.10. Find the general solution of the equation, and state at least $5$ distinct solutions.
a) $\sin (x) = - \frac{1}{2}$
b) $\cos (x) = - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$

Equations involving trigonometric functions

Example 20.11. Solve for $x$
a) $2 \sin (x) - 1 = 0$
b) $\sec (x) = - \sqrt{2}$
c) $7 \cot (x) + 3 = 0$

VIDEO: Example 20.11 – equations with trig functions (linear)

Example 20.12. Solve for $x$ .
a) $\tan^{2} (x) + 2 \tan (x) + 1 = 0$ b) $2 \cos^{2} (x) - 1 = 0$

VIDEO: Example 20.12 – equations with trig functions (quadratic)

Lesson 18: Addition of angles and multiple angle formulas

April 16, 2020 / Jonas Reitz / 2 Comments

Hi everyone! Read through the material below, watch the videos, collect your questions.

Lesson 18: Addition of angles and multiple angle formulas

Topic: This lesson covers Chapter 18: Addition of angles and multiple angle formulas.
WeBWorK: There are two WeBWorK assignments on today’s material:
Trigonometry – Sum and Difference Formulas
Trigonometry – Double and Half Angle Formulas

Lesson Notes (Notability – pdf):

This .pdf file contains most of the work from the videos in this lesson. It is provided for your reference.

Lesson 18_ Addition of angles and multiple angle formulas Download

Question of the Day: Suppose we know the values of the trig functions of two angles $a$ and $b$ . Can we use them to find the values of the trig functions of the angle $a + b$ ?

Today, we will see how we can do exactly that – the idea is to work with formulas that allow us to calculate, for example, $\sin (a + b)$ and $\cos (a + b)$ based on the values of $\sin (a), \cos (a), \sin (b),$ and $\cos (b)$ .

NOTE: We often use greek letters for angles — this helps us keep track of what’s an angle and what’s not. The most common are the greek letters alpha $α$ and beta $β$ . We’ll be using these instead of $a$ and $b$ .

Warning: the videos for today’s lecture are *quite long* – however, they consist almost entirely of examples, with a lot of explanation. Feel free to skip around, or to try the WeBWorK first (if you get stuck, the videos might help).

Addition and Subtraction of Angles

Proposition 18.1. For any angles $α$ and $β$ ,

$\sin (α + β) = \sin α \cos β + \cos α \sin β$
$\sin (α - β) = \sin α \cos β - \cos α \sin β$
$\cos (α + β) = \cos α \cos β - \sin α \sin β$
$\cos (α - β) = \cos α \cos β + \sin α \sin β$
$\tan (α + β) = \frac{\tan α + \tan β}{1 - \tan α \tan β}$
$\tan (α - β) = \frac{\tan α - \tan β}{1 + \tan α \tan β}$

Where did these formulas come from!?

Great question! To answer it, you need to see the *proof* of these formulas – this appears in your book in Chapter 18.

Now, we are going to see how these formulas let us calculate the values of trig functions at many different angles, based on just a few common angles (such as those listed in the table below – if you don’t know them, this is a great time to learn them!).

Values of trig function for common angles

Example 18.2. Find the exact values of the trigonometric functions:

a) $\cos (\frac{π}{12})$
b) $\tan (\frac{5 π}{12})$
c) $\cos (\frac{11 π}{12})$

VIDEO: Example 18.2 applying angle sum and difference formulas

Double and Half Angles

Proposition 18.5. Let $α$ be any angle. Then we have the half-angle formulas:

$\sin \frac{α}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos α}{2}}$
$\cos \frac{α}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos α}{2}}$
$\tan \frac{α}{2} = \frac{1 - \cos α}{\sin α} = \frac{\sin α}{1 + \cos α} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos α}{1 + \cos α}}$

and the double-angle formulas:

$\sin (2 α) = 2 \sin α \cos α$
$\cos (2 α) = \cos^{2} α - \sin^{2} α = 1 - 2 \sin^{2} α = 2 \cos^{2} α - 1$
$Misplaced &$

Example 18.6. Find the exact values of the trigonometric functions:

a) $\sin (\frac{π}{8})$
b) $\cos (\frac{9 π}{8})$
c) $\tan (\frac{π}{24})$

VIDEO: Example 18.6 applying half-angle formulas

Example 18.7. Find the trigonometric functions of $2 α$ when $α$ has the properties below.

a) $\sin (α) = \frac{3}{5},$ and $α$ is in quadrant 1
b) $\tan (α) = \frac{12}{5},$ and $α$ is in quadrant 2

VIDEO: Example 18.7 applying double-angle formulas

That’s it for now. Take a look at the WeBWorK!

Lesson 17: Trigonometric functions

April 14, 2020 / Jonas Reitz / 2 Comments

Hi everyone! Read through the material below, watch the videos, and collect your questions.

Lesson 17: Trigonometric functions

Topic: This lesson covers Chapter 17: Trigonometric functions.
WeBWorK: There are five WeBWorK assignments on today’s material:
Trigonometry - Unit Circle,
Trigonometry - Graphing Amplitude,
Trigonometry - Graphing Period,
Trigonometry - Graphing Phase Shift, and
Trigonometry - Graphing Comprehensive

Today we start trigonometric functions. We’ll begin with a review of the basics of trigonometry — if you remember everything about trigonometry, you can skip this part (but please don’t!). Then we’ll think about how these behave as functions, and look at their graphs.

Lesson Notes (Notability – pdf):

This .pdf file contains most of the work from the videos in this lesson. It is provided for your reference.

Lesson 17_ Trigonometric Functions Download

Review of trigonometry

a. Angles

We measure angles using two different systems, degrees and radians. In degrees, a full circle is $360^{\circ}$ . In radians, a full circle is $2 π rad$ . Thus, we have $360^{\circ} = 2 π$ radians. If we consider a half-circle (divide both sides by two), we get:

$180^{\circ} = π$

Although most people are more familiar with degrees from their day-to-day lives, most mathematics at this level and above use radians. It will help you to get familiar with common angles in radians! The first video gives a review.

Why do mathematicians and scientists prefer radians to degrees? Great question!

VIDEO: Review of angles, radian measure

b. Trigonometric Functions

Definition. To define the trigonometric functions, we consider the following diagram: the initial side of an angle $x$ lies on the positive x-axis, and the terminal side of the angle passes through a point $P (a, b)$ .

Diagram: Definition of Trigonometric Functions

The distance from the origin $(0, 0)$ to the point $P$ is $r$ (note: if we know $a$ and $b g$ we can calculate $r$ by using the Pythagorean Theorem, $r = \sqrt{a^{2} + b^{2}}$ ). Then the trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, cotangent) of $x$ are defined:

$\sin (x) = \frac{b}{r}, \cos (x) = \frac{a}{r}, \tan (x) = \frac{a}{b}$
$\csc (x) = \frac{r}{b}, \sec (x) = \frac{r}{a}, \cot (x) = \frac{b}{a}$

VIDEO: Review – definitions of trigonometric functions

Next, we need to know the values of the trig functions for some common angles. Once again, this is a review of material from previous courses – the following video will take you through some examples, but for more details I recommend checking out the videos on our video resource page.

VIDEO: Values of trig functions at common angles

Special Triangles: These allow us to find the values of the trig functions at various common angles.

These are the values of sine, cosine and tangent for common angles in the first quadrant. Learn them, memorize them, get to know them!

This is the end of the ‘review’ part of the lesson. Need a little more help? Take a look at the videos on our video resource page.

Graphs of trigonometric functions

Now we turn to the main idea of this lesson. We begin by looking at the graphs of the basic trig functions, $\sin x$ , $\cos x$ , and $\tan x$ .

VIDEO: Graphs of basic trig functions

Example 17.8. Graph the following functions:
$f (x) = \sin (x) + 3, g (x) = 4 \cdot \sin (x), h (x) = \sin (x + 2), i (x) = \sin (3 x)$
$j (x) = 2 \cdot \cos (x) + 3, k (x) = \cos (2 x - π), l (x) = \tan (x + 2) + 3$

VIDEO: Example 17.8 modifying the graphs of trig functions – amplitude, period, phase shift.

Definition 17.9. Let $f$ be one of the functions:
$f (x) = a \cdot \sin (b \cdot x + c) or f (x) = a \cdot \cos (b \cdot x + c)$
The number $| a |$ is called the amplitude, the number $| \frac{2 π}{b} |$ is the period, and the number $\frac{- c}{b}$ is called the phase shift.

That’s it for now. Take a look at the WeBWorK!

Tag: trigonometric functions

Lesson 17: Trigonometric functions

Lesson 20: Trigonometric equations

Lesson 19: Inverse trigonometric functions

Lesson 18: Addition of angles and multiple angle formulas

Lesson 20: Trigonometric Equations

Lesson NOtes (Notability – pdf):

Basic Trigonometric Equations

Equations of the form tan(x)=c

EQUATIONS OF THE FORM cos(x)=c

EQUATIONS OF THE FORM sin(x)=c

Equations involving trigonometric functions

Lesson 18: Addition of angles and multiple angle formulas

Lesson Notes (Notability – pdf):

Addition and Subtraction of Angles

Where did these formulas come from!?

Double and Half Angles

Lesson 17: Trigonometric functions

Lesson Notes (Notability – pdf):

Review of trigonometry

a. Angles

b. Trigonometric Functions

Graphs of trigonometric functions

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