Chapter three of this shallows focuses on the tools that helped the form the current position of humanity as we see today. The author mostly focuses on the map and the clock. The examples the author gives through this chapter really helped me to understand how these tools improved humanity’s abstract and cognitive thought process. Chapter four of “The Shallows” structure is similar to chapter three’s. Instead in this chapter the author displays reading and writing as a way humanity has progressed. As literacy improved through the ages so did people’s cognitive thought process. Moving on to chapter five of “The Shallows” the author moves of track of showing how tools have helped us improve through the ages and instead focus more on the present tools of our time. The author brings up many positive and negative aspects of the internet. The negative aspects are shown through there examples, such as how reading a book versus reading off the screen something is lost.