For this project, I wrote an instructional manual for setting up a router.
Author: Chowdhury Hashmee
Expanded Definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
TO: Prof. Jason Ellis
FROM: Chowdhury Hashmee
DATE: March 26th, 2021
SUBJECT: Expanded Definition of Artificial Intelligence
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this 750-1000 Word Expanded Definition is to explore the definition of the term “Artificial Intelligence” which is a revolutionary invention of science in modern-day technology. I will be defining the term “Artificial Intelligence” in relation to machine learning and contextually how it operates in the different sections of the modern technology field.
In this project, I will introduce Artificial Intelligence following several defining quotations from verified sources where I will discuss and compare those definitions from the authors. Next, I will discuss several quotations from a variety of sources where Artificial Intelligence is used in context. Finally, I will provide my own working definition of Artificial Intelligence after discussing all those quotations.
DEFINITIONS
Author J. F. SMOLKO in the article “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE” defines AI as, “Artificial intelligence (AI) is that division of science, particularly of computer science, which attempts to emulate and extend with programmed and fabricated elements the cognitive and affective functions of animals and human beings.”(Smolko, 2003, p.765). Author SMOLKO tries to define Artificial Intelligence as the emulation of cognitive and affective functions that animals and we, humans perform daily. However, he emphasized computer science since machines will think and perform as the human mind thinks by using algorithms which is programmable by AI. In another article “BUSINESS FINANCE”, authors Mark Jon Snyder and Lisa Gueldenzoph Snyder define AI as, “Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science and engineering devoted to the creation of intelligent machines and the software to run them. This process is “artificial” because once it is programmed into the machine, it occurs without human intervention.”(Snyder et al., 2014, p.31). Comparing the two definitions, all of the authors mention computer science and programmable algorithms that machines will learn to think like human minds also known as Artificial Intelligence. The author from the first definition didn’t mention human intervention whereas the authors of the second definition did which means when machines adopt programmable AI, they can operate and run the software simultaneously without human interventions.
CONTEXT
In a New York Times article “After the Pandemic, a Revolution in Education and Work Awaits” by Thomas L. Friedman in an interview with Ravi Kumar, Artificial Intelligence is described as an automated system. “Now so many more people can play at that because you no longer need to know how to code to generate new software programs. Thanks to artificial intelligence, there is now “no-code software.’’ You just instruct the software to design some code for the application that you’ve imagined or need and, presto, it will spit it out.”(Friedman, 2020). Basically, the author gathered information about how AI is making our lives easier in the job sectors where AI will automate generate code according to the instruction given by the user whereas before we had to write all the codes from the scratch and as a human being, it takes up a lot of time to complete an application to run properly. In a blogpost “AI is Shaping the Future of Appointment Scheduling” posted by Ryan Williamson explains the importance of AI in scheduling appointments. “AI-driven interface between the customer and the company can schedule appointments without human intervention to enable sending out confirmation emails, digital directions, etc. to help deliver a top-notch experience every time.”(Williamson, 2020). Ryan emphasizes an AI-driven interface where customers can schedule an appointment, collect basic pieces of information such as FAQ instead of calling the customer service, waiting in line, and manually schedule an appointment which is beneficial for both business and customers. Since an AI-driven interface can operate multiple tasks at the same time, the company can reduce labor and invest more in technology. In a CBS NEWS article “Facebook touts the use of artificial intelligence to help detect harmful content and misinformation” by Musadiq Bidar, he explains how Facebook is using AI to detect posts that violate the company’s policies and regulations. “Confronted with an onslaught of social media posts filled with misinformation and harmful content, Facebook said Tuesday it has begun to rely on artificial intelligence to boost its efforts to evaluate whether posts violate its policies and should be labeled or removed.”(Bidar, 2020). Billions of people use Facebook every day but not everyone follows the guidelines and policies. It is not possible for Facebook employees to manually detect and take down all those posts. Therefore, Facebook is using AI that can intelligently detect the violating posts and can track the devices from where the posts have been published all thanks to the programmable algorithms in combination with machine learning. Human eyes can make mistakes, but we cannot escape with violations through the eyes of AI.
WORKING DEFINITION
From the above discussions, I think Artificial Intelligence is the counterfeit of the human mind which is programmable to apply as an algorithm into the machines to operate and run software without human interruption. AI is very important in my major(software development) since developers use the help of AI to generate automated codes that will provide time to the developers in the backend to debug and test the application while the frontend developers can modify those automated codes according to the requirements without starting from scratch.
REFERENCES,
Bidar, M. (2020, August 12). Facebook touts use of artificial intelligence to help detect harmful content and misinformation. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/facebook-artificial-intelligence-harmful-content-misinformation/.
Friedman, T. L. (2020, October 20). After the Pandemic, a Revolution in Education and Work Awaits. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/opinion/covid-education-work.html?searchResultPosition=1.
Williamson, R. (2020, October 6). AI is Shaping the Future of Appointment Scheduling. Data Science Central. https://www.datasciencecentral.com/profiles/blogs/ai-is-shaping-the-future-of-appointment-scheduling.
SMOLKO, J. F. (2003). Artificial Intelligence. In New Catholic Encyclopedia (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 765-766). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3407700832/GVRL?u=cuny_nytc&sid=GVRL&xid=bb763593
Snyder, M. J., & Snyder, L. G. (2014). Artificial Intelligence. In Encyclopedia of Business and Finance (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 31-35). Macmillan Reference USA. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3727500026/GVRL?u=cuny_nytc&sid=GVRL&xid=fa612e0a
Summary of Angelova’s “Mobile Applications for Business”
TO: Prof. Ellis
FROM: Chowdhury A Hashmee
DATE: 03/03/2021
SUBJECT: 500-Word Summary of “Mobile Applications for Business”
This memo is a 500-word summary of the article, “Mobile Applications for Business” by N. Angelova a researcher at Trakia University, faculty of Economics, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. In this article the author describes the importance of mobile applications in business communication and the operating systems, mobile technologies and features that are being used daily. Over the past decades, the rapid growth of mobile technology has made mobile phones more available to the average user, including more messaging services, listening to music, playing sports, taking photographs and all kinds of entertainment. According to the author “Mobile can be describe as a part of technology that involves mobility”. (Angelova., 2019, p. 854). Using network infrastructures, protocols, and portable devices used for cellular communication, mobile technology enables users to flexibly perform different tasks in terms of time and place. Several smartphone operating systems, such as Android, iPhone OS / iOS, Samsung, BlackBerry, Windows, are primarily used on the market today. According to market surveys worldwide, the main leader of mobile operating systems is Android OS that is installed on most smartphones, while iOS market share is concentrated in countries that mainly produce and sell devices that support this OS. (Angelova, 2019, p. 853). Some of the most development countries that uses iOS are, US – 55.07%, UK – 49.81%, China – 24.1%, Japan – 71.9%, Germany – 28.38%, Russia – 26.6% etc. (Angelova, 2019, p. 854). Some of the developed countries that uses Android OS are, US – 44.61%, UK – 49.42%, China – 74.6%, Japan – 27.81%, Germany – 70.61%, Russia – 72.32% etc. Mobile communications such as 1G, the first generation uses analogue voice-only relationship. The second generation 2G standard is Global Service for mobile communication(GSM), started in 1991 and the transfer rate was 906 kbit/s. The third generation 3G mobile communications started in 2002 which includes 3 standards – UMTS, WCDMA and CDMA2000 and provides speeds from 384 kbit/s to 2.4 Mbit/s. The fourth generation of mobile technologies 4G is a set of standards for broadband Internet access. Gigabit speeds above the current speeds would be enabled by the new standard 5G. Moreover, for several milliseconds, a minimum ping will be preserved. Depending on the mobile OS, mobile apps are created for a particular OS and can be downloaded from a special location. Some of the popular app stores are, Android – Google play, iOS – App Store, Windows 10 – Microsoft Store etc. Businesses needs mobile applications to create a direct marketing channel, build a brand for recognitions, Improving customer engagement etc. According to the article the most popular recommended mobile apps for businesses in google play and app stores are, scanning tools (Clear scan, Genius Scan), Office suits (OfficeSuite, Documents), Job Search or Hiring ( Glassdoor, LinkedIn) Employee Scheduling (Hours tracker, Paylocity Mobile), Video conferencing tools ( Hangout, Zoom), Planning (AWS events, Trello), Automated expense management (Invoice maker, Expensify) etc. To conclude, Mobile devices are an integral part of our lives and it seems like everything we possess is inside them behind the screen. It has no longer been the only mean for connecting and talking with people who are far away from us. It is our personal assistant.
Reference
Angelova, N. (2019). Mobile Applications for Business. EBSCO Connect Trakia Journal of Sciences, 17(1), 853–859. https://doi-org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.140
