Qatar experiences an arid climate throughout the year, hot summers and mild winters. Surface water and the average annual precipitation does not surpass 80 millimeters (Ajjur & Al-Ghamdi, 2022). The summer months, typically are from May to September, endure blistering heat exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) and high humidity, specifically along the coasts (World Bank, 2020). Winters, last from December to February, with mild temperatures averaging between 20 to 25 degrees Celsius (68 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit), attracting more visitors for outdoor activities. The experts in climatology predicted a longer duration of heat waves in the future (Andric & Al-Ghamdi, 2020).
Qatar’s rapid temperature rise surpasses most regions globally, its status as a peninsula bordered by excessively warm seas in one of the earth’s hottest zones. With average temperatures already exceeding pre-industrial levels by over 2°C, Qatar stands as one of the driest nations worldwide (Mufson, 2019). Rainfall in Qatar is sparse, mostly during the winter season, however it remains infrequent and minimal (Mamoon & Rahman, 2017). Qatar’s climate presents challenges for agriculture and water resources, given the limited precipitation and extreme heat (R Al-Khater, 2020). The landscape features desert terrain with dunes and rocky expanses, defining much of the country’s geography.
