References

​​Allianz. (2022, August). Country risk report Peru. Allianz.Com. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.allianz.com/en/economic_research/publications/country-risk/peru.html

ABC-Amega(2020, October 30). Country risk: Peru. ABC-Amega, Inc. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.abc-amega.com/articles/country-risk-peru/

Amed, I., & Berg, A. (2021, June 7). The State of Fashion 2022. MacKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/retail/our%20insights/state%20of%20fashion/2022/the-state-of-fashion-2022.pdf

Americas Market Intelligence (2022, August 24). Peru Ecommerce Market Data. AMI. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://americasmi.com/insights/peru-ecommerce-market-data/#aioseo-market-overview

Andina, A. (2022, May 10). Fin min: Peru’s GDP up 5.2% in Feb 2022, is above pre-pandemic levels. ANDINA Agencia Peruana De Noticias. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-fin-min-perus-gdp-up-52-in-feb-2022-is-above-prepandemic-levels-892344.aspx 

Aracari Travel. (2022, June 24). Polleras: All dressed up. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.aracari.com/blog/stories/polleras-all-dressed-up/ 

Arce, A. (2017, September 7). Making Beauty: The Wearing of Polleras in the Andean Altiplano. PORTAL. https://sites.utexas.edu/llilas-benson-magazine/2017/08/28/making-beauty-the-wearing-of-polleras-in-the-andean-altiplano/

Barbeito, C. (2022, September 30). Watch These Pollera-Wearing Bolivian Skateboarders Pay Homage to Cholitas With Every Kickflip. We Are Mitú. 100% American & Latino. https://wearemitu.com/fierce/9-bolivian-women-skateboarding-group/

Bazzo, G. (2022, July 13). Inca. HISTORY. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from   https://www.history.com/topics/south-america/inca

Belknap, D. F., & Sandweiss, D. H. (2014). Effect of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(22), 7986-7989.

Bloomenthal, A. (2022, July 06). Ecommerce Defined: Types, History, and Examples. Investopedia. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ecommerce.asp

CAPECE (2020, February). Reporte Oficial de la Industria Ecommerce en Peru: Crecimiento de Peru y Latinoamerica 2009-2019 [Official Report of the Ecommerce Industry in Peru: Growth of Pery and Latin America 2009-2019]. Camara Peruana de Comercio Electronico. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.inteligenciaparanegocios.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Reporte-Oficial-de-la-Industria-Ecommerce-en-Peru.pdf

Cavero, D., & Ruiz, C. (2016, January). Do working conditions in young people’s first jobs affect their employment trajectories? The case of Peru. Internatinal Labor Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_445868.pdf

Chaplin, D. (2015). The Peruvian industrial labor force (Vol. 2113). Princeton University Press.

Cia, Y. (2022, September). Peru – The World Factbook. THE WORLD FACTBOOK. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/

Cobo, F. B. (2010). History of the Inca Empire: an account of the Indians’ customs and their origin, together with a treatise on Inca legends, history, and social institutions. University of Texas Press.

Coral, A. (2022, September 5). Peruvian current – Global Climate. Climate Policy Watcher. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/global-climate-2/peruvian-current.html

Country Reports. (2022). Peru Demographics. Country Reports. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.countryreports.org/country/Peru/population.htm

Country Reports. (2022, July). Peru Demographics. CountryReports. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.countryreports.org/country/Peru/population.htm 

Davies, T. (2022, August 22). Peru. Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Peru

Dempsey, C. (2019, October 16). How Digitalization Brings Opportunity to Peru’s Services Sector. Biz Latin Hub Group. Retrieved October 8 2022, from https://www.bizlatinhub.com/digitalization-technology-peru-brings-opportunity-service-sector/

Donaldson, T. (2021, December 15). Sourcing spotlight: Manufacturing in Peru. Sourcing Journal. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://sourcingjournal.com/feature/sourcing-spotlight-manufacturing-peru-td-20794/ 

ECLA. (2021, October 15). Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2021. United Nations. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/47193/87/EI2021_Peru_en.pdf

Eicher, G. (2022, February 2). Linda Welters and Abby Lollethun – Fashion History a Global View – PDFCOFFEE.COM. pdfcoffee.com. https://pdfcoffee.com/linda-welters-and-abby-lollethun-fashion-history-a-global-view-pdf-free.html

El Peruano. (2022)Decreto supremo que incrementa la remuneración mínima vital de los trabajadores sujetos al régimen laboral de la actividad privada-decreto supremo-N° 003-2022-TR. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-incrementa-la-remuneracion-minima-vital-decreto-supremo-n-003-2022-tr-2054921-1/ 

Faiola, A. (2021, June 16). With election fraud claims, Peru’s Keiko Fujimori takes a page from the Trump playbook. She’s not alone. The Washington Post. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/16/trump-playbook-peru-democracy/

Femenías, B. (2021). 2 Fabricating Ethnic Frontiers: Identity in a Region at the Crossroads. In Gender and the Boundaries of Dress in Contemporary Peru (pp. 78-102). University of Texas Press.

Figure 1. Medina, A. (2018, February 15). Peru map vector Premium Vector. Freepik. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/peru-map-vector_1776135.htm

Figure 2. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. (2022). Peru – Economic Activity . Peru maps – Perry-Castañeda Map Collection – UT Library Online. Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/peru.html 

Figure 3. National Clothing. (2020, August, 3). Peruvian pollera– striking wide skirt adorned with colorful weavings [photo]. Nationalclothing.org. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://nationalclothing.org/america/27-peru/735-peruvian-pollera-%E2%80%93-striking-wide-skirt-adorned-with-colorful-weavings.html

Figure 4. Teresa Romero. (2022, August 8). Peru: labor market gender gap index 2022, by area. Statista. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/803833/peru-gender-gap-labor-market-category/

Figure 5. Worldometers (2020). Life Expectancy in Peru [Graph]. Worldometers. Retrieved October, 9, 2022, from https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/peru-demographics/#pop

Figure 6. Davies, T. (2022, August 22). Peru Religion Affilitions (2017) [Graph].  Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from  https://www.britannica.com/place/Peru/Languages

Figure 8. Climate Signals. (2022). Climate classifications of “Extremely rainy” station locations, Peru, Jan – Mar 2017 (Map). Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.climatesignals.org/resources/map-climate-classifications-extremely-rainy-station-locations-peru-jan-mar-2017

FIS Global. (2022). The Global Payments Report. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://worldpay.globalpaymentsreport.com/es/ 

Focus Economics. (2022, June 14). Peru economy – GDP, inflation, CPI and interest rate. FocusEconomics | Economic Forecasts from the World’s Leading Economists. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/peru 

Fraser. (1947, April). Discover economic history: St. Louis Fed. FRASER. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 

Garcia, L. (2013). Peru Fashion: The success of Peru moda. The Fashion Globe. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://thefashionglobe.com/peru-moda

Gennevar, N. (2019, April 16). Commodity-dependent countries urged to diversify exports. UNCTAD. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://unctad.org/news/commodity-dependent-countries-urged-diversify-exports

Gootenberg, P. (1990). Carneros y Chuño: Price levels in nineteenth-century Peru. Hispanic American historical review, 70(1), 1-56.

Granada, S. (2020, June 23). Peru: A growing e-commerce industry. Peru Reports. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://perureports.com/peru-a-growing-e-commerce-industry/9150/

Harris, K. R. (2007). Was the Inca Empire a socialist state? A historical discussion. Historia, 16, 54-60. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/ebf200/node/208  

Herrera, E. (2018, May 11). Traditional Andean Clothing. Threads of Peru. https://threadsofperu.com/pages/traditional-andean-clothng

Infomedia, T. (2022). Fabrics manufacturers wholesalers exporters in Peru: Fabric companies in Peru. Textileinfomedia.com. Retrieved September 2022, from https://www.textileinfomedia.com/business/peru/fabrics 

International Trade Administration (2022, August 17). Peru—Market challenges. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/peru-market-challenges

International Trade Administration (2022, August, 17). Peru-Textiles and Apparel. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/peru-textiles-and-apparel

International Trade Association . (2022, August 17). Peru – textiles and apparel. International Trade Administration | Trade.gov. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/peru-textiles-and-apparel 

Jekabson, A. R. (2022). Mummies and Mannequins: Elena Izcue, Peruvian Design and Paris Fashion. Miradas-Zeitschrift für Kunst-und Kulturgeschichte der Amérikas und der iberischen Halbinsel, 6, 74-92.

Kayat, O. (2019, April 7). Peru. Geography. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://geography.name/peru/

Kennedy, U. (2021, December 9). WHERE IS PERU? AND OTHER FACTS YOU MAY NOT KNOW. Machu Travel Peru. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://https://www.machutravelperu.com/blog/where-is-peru

Land Links. (2018, June 19). Peru. Land Links. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/peru/ 

Lim, T. (2018). OECD. Environmental Performance Reviews. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.oecd.org/environment/country-reviews/16-00312-environmental+performance+review-peru-web.pdf

Lima Easy. (2020, October). International Schools in Peru. Lima Easy. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.limaeasy.com/peru-guide/education-teaching-schooling-in-peru/international-schools-in-peru#:~:text=The%20Peruvian%20school%20year%20is,second%20from%20August%20to%20December. 

Lima, I. (2022). Overview. Peruvian Economy. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview

Martin, G. (2021, November 16). Peru’s Biggest Fashion Trade Shows Push Appeal of Alpaca Product. Business of Fashion. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/global-markets/perus-biggest-fashion-trade-shows-push-appeal-of-alpaca-products/

McCray, B. (2020, March 7). JSTOR: Access Check. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv13xps7k.25#metadata_info_tab_contents

McHugh, J. (2020, June). Andean Textiles. Metmuseum.org. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/adtx/hd_adtx.htm

Murphy, M. (2019, April 24). Weaving On the Edge in the Peruvian Highlands. ClothRoads. https://www.clothroads.com/weaving-on-the-edge-in-the-peruvian-highlands/

Nair, S. (2017, June). Colonial Andean. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067315

Nelson, M. (2021, May 17). Micro-trends: The acceleration of fashion cycles and rise in waste. WRAP. https://wrapcompliance.org/blog/micro-trends-the-acceleration-of-fashion-cycles-and-rise-in-waste/

Office Of International Religious Freedom. (2021, June 2). 2021 report on International Religious Freedom – United States . Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ 

Orbegozo, M. (2017, March 6). A Brief Introduction to Peru’s Vibrant Polleras. Culture Trip. https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/peru/articles/a-brief-introduction-to-perus-vibrant-polleras/

Osorio, A. (2021, December 7). 7 UNIQUE FACTS ABOUT PERU. TUSKER Trail. https://www.tusker.com/geografica/7-unique-facts-about-peru/

Othan, O. (2022). Peru Labor force participation – data, chart. TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Peru/labor_force_participation/ 

Othan, U. (2010, April 28). DISCOVER PERU: A Handbook for Tour Operators. Issuu. https://issuu.com/visitperu/docs/handbookperu

Palm, C. (2021, November 10). The most interesting customs and traditions of Peru. Howlanders. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.howlanders.com/blog/en/peru/peru-traditions/

Paul, K. (2022, May 17). 9 Things To Know About Peru’s Incredible Culture. TravelAwaits. Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https://www.travelawaits.com/2468196/peru-incredible-culture-things-to-know/

Peru travel. (2020, July 16). The Festival of Virgen de la Candelaria, one of the most exciting celebrations. Peru. https://www.peru.travel/en/masperu/the-festival-of-virgen-de-la-candelaria-one-of-the-most-exciting-celebrations-in-peru

Peru Travel. (2022). Peru’s Star Products. PromPeru. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.peru.travel/en/about-peru/peru-s-star-products

Peruvian Economy. (2018). Discover Peru. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-economy/

Plum, P. (2019). Culture Shock in Peru | Expat Arrivals. Expat Arrivals. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.expatarrivals.com/americas/peru/culture-shock-peru

Poveda, G. (2020). High Impact Weather Events in the Andes. Frontiers. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.00162/full

Prado, J. (2022, March 29). Peru Education. International Trade Administration. Retrieved October 9, 2022 from, https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/peru-education#:~:text=years%20of%20age.-,OVERVIEW,total%20K%2D12%20age%20population.

Pumn, P. (2018). Interesting facts about Peru. GVI. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.gviusa.com/blog/18-interesting-facts-about-peru/

Purs, A. (2020, October 9). Traditional Dress in Latin America. Vamos Academy Buenos Aires. https://vamospanish.com/discover/traditional-dress-latin-america/

Quintanilla, E. (2007). Textiles from Ancient Peru. Museo Larco. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.museolarco.org/en/exhibition/permanent-exhibition/online-exhibition/textiles-from-ancient-peru/

Rant, L. (2021, November 9). Peruvian Wedding Traditions. WeddingDetails.com. https://www.weddingdetails.com/wedding-traditions/peru/

Ressy, E. (2012, August 30). Peru. Internstional Labor Organization. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.ilo.org/integration/themes/mdw/map/countries/WCMS_170265/lang–en/index.htm

Richter, M. (2016). Precipitation in the Tropics. SpringerLink. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_39?error=cookies_not_supported&code=24555024-4a35-4a71-88d4-9d09fa8a8729

Romero, G. (2020, September 30). Peru ECommerce. International Trade Administration. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/peru-ecommerce

Romero, T. (2022, May 27). Average monthly income in Lima, Peru as of December 2021, by gender. Statista. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/820323/average-monthly-wage-lima-peru-gender/

Roth, K. (2021, July 18). Peru Events of 2021. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/peru

Rowe, A. P., & Meisch, L. A. (2011). Costume and history in highland Ecuador. University of Texas Press.

Sharp, T. (2021, March 24). 21 TYPES OF SKIRTS – A to Z of Skirts. TREASURIE. https://blog.treasurie.com/types-of-skirts-illustrated-guide/

Shutter, A. (2016, November 9). Weather in Peru. Chimu Blog. https://www.chimuadventures.com/blog/2016/11/weather-in-peru/

Squires, C. K. L. (2022, March 9). Uncommon ground: The impact of natural resource corruption on indigenous peoples. Brookings. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/08/07/uncommon-ground-the-impact-of-natural-resource-corruption-on-indigenous-peoples/

Statista (2022, July 6). Services sector’s share of GDP in Peru. Statista. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1073184/peru-services-sector-share-gdp/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20services%20industry,the%20value%20added%20to%20GDP.

Statista Research Department. (2022, October 18). Topic: Social media usage in Peru. Statista. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/topics/7219/social-media-usage-in-peru/ 

Sternquist, B., & Goldsmith, E. B. (2018). International retailing. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.

Suart, E. (2021, August 14). Peruvian Economy. LimaEasy. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.limaeasy.com/peru-guide/peru-info/peruvian-economy

Summer, E. (2021, March 2). The Weather and Climate in Lima. LimaEasy. Retrieved September 13, 2022, from https://www.limaeasy.com/lima-guide/lima-information/the-weather-and-climate-in-lima-peru

Tan, I. (2020, January 31). What are Peru’s Main Exports and Imports? iContainers. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.icontainers.com/us/2020/01/31/peru-main-exports-imports/

Tapia, A. (2017, October 5). Making Beauty: The Wearing of Polleras in the Andean Altiplano. TexasLiberalArts. https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/news/making-beauty-the-wearing-of-polleras-in-the-andean-altiplano?division=public-affairs

The Pennsylvania State University. (2022). Peru and the Resource Curse: A broader view. Peru and the Resource Curse: A Broader View | E B F 200: Introduction to Energy and Earth Sciences Economics. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from 

The Peruvian Connection (2022.). Alpaca fiber—Product information. Peruvian Connection. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.peruvianconnection.com/category/fiber+and+product+information/alpaca+fiber.do

The University of Texas at Austin. (2021). Peru maps – Perry-Castañeda Map Collection. UT Library Online. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/peru.html 

The World Bank. (2022). Peru . Data. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://data.worldbank.org/country/peru 

Thom, N (2012, January 12)Where is Peru in the World? Retrieved September 13, 2022, from https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/peru/location  

Thomson, K. (2020, August 3). Peruvian pollera – striking wide skirt adorned with colorful weavings. Nationalclothing.org. https://nationalclothing.org/america/27-peru/735-peruvian-pollera-%E2%80%93-striking-wide-skirt-adorned-with-colorful-weavings.html

Thomson, L. (2018). Peru | Culture, Facts & Travel | – CountryReports. COUNTRY REPORTS. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.countryreports.org/country/Peru.htm

TRAVAIL legal databases. (2022). Peru – working time – 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/travmain.sectionReport1?p_lang=en&p_structure=2&p_year=2011&p_start=1&p_increment=10&p_sc_id=1001&p_countries=PE&p_print=Y 

Trex, P. (2022, August 19). The Capital of Peru – The City of the Kings – Lima. Trexperience Peru. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://trexperienceperu.com/blog/capital-of-peru?_wrapper_format=html

Tulet, Jean-Christian. “Peru as a New Major Actor in Latin American Coffee Production.” Latin American Perspectives, vol. 37, no. 2, 11 May 2010, pp. 133–141., https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582×09356962. 

U.S. Department of Labor. (2022). Peru labor rights report – dol. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/research_file_attachment/PLRReport.pdf 

UK Government. (2022, June 6). Overseas business risk in peru. GOV.UK. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-business-risk-peru–2/overseas-business-risk-in-peru

UN. (2022). Land, natural resources and conflict: From curse to opportunity. An un-eu partnership in action. United Nations. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.un.org/en/land-natural-resources-conflict/country/peru.shtml

Velazques, T. (2017, June 17). Enacting refusals: Mestiza women’s anti-mining activism in Andean Ecuador. Taylor & Francis. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17442222.2017.1344263?journalCode=rlac20

Wang, I. (2022, July 13). Global Gender Gap Report 2022. World Economic Forum. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2022/digest/

Will, R. (2020, October 13). Culture | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples. Unite Nations. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/mandated-areas1/culture.html

Wilson, J. (2009, January 1). The Andes: A Cultural History. EBIN. https://ebin.pub/the-andes-a-cultural-history-0195386361-9780195386363.html

Wisniowski, M. (2022, November 11). Glossary of Fabrics, Fibers, Finishes, Garments and Yarns Edition 6.1[1-35] Art Resource Marie-Therese Wisniowski. Art Quill Studio. https://artquill.blogspot.com/2016/07/glossary-of-fabrics-fibers-finishes.html

Wood, L. (2022, October 05). Peru B2C Ecommerce Market Opportunities Databook – Industry to Reach $17.3 Billion by 2026 at a CAGR of 10.42%. Research and Market. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/peru-b2c-ecommerce-market-opportunities-databook—-industry-to-reach-17-3-billion-by-2026-at-a-cagr-of-10-42-301641713.html         

Worldometers. (2020). Peru Demographics. Worldometers. Retrieved October 9, 2022, from https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/peru-demographics/#pop

Zapata, T. (2019, September 28). Traditional Peruvian Clothing. Tierras Vivas. https://www.tierrasvivas.com/en/travel-blog/traditional-peruvian-clothing