Annotated Bibliography
Learning Places Fall 2018
Name: Patrick Chan, Aylin Cruz, Tyne Hazel, Francis Kwok
Topic: How the use of “Stop and Frisk” affect New Yorker? Â
CIVIL PROCEDURE – CLASS ACTIONS – SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK CERTIFIES CLASS ACTION AGAINST CITY POLICE FOR SUSPICIONLESS STOPS AND FRISKS OF BLACKS AND LATINOS. — Floyd v. City of New York, 82 Fed. R. Serv. 3d (West) 833 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).” Harvard Law Review, vol. 126, no. 3, Jan. 2013, pp. 826–833. EBSCOhost, citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=84740645&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 4 December 2018.
This source refers to one of the major case; Floyd vs. City of New York in which the force of suspicionless stop and frisk against people of color; mainly minorities. This act creates the people of color to be frightened, annoyed, and humiliated. All of these go against the fourth and fourteenth constitutional amendment. The unlawful search and seizures of mainly black and Latino which covers 80% of all stop and frisk. The courts may also be in the way due to the fact that they could get a scapegoat to hide all the potential wrong doing of cops.This source has details we can use on our fliers which talks about the percentage of black and Latinos of minorities get stopped instead of whites.
Cole, David. “The Usual Suspects.(Comment)(racial Generalizations in Stop-and-frisk Policing)(Column).” The Nation 294.27-28 (2012): 4-6. Web.
This sources was chosen because it looks at the police practice of stop and frisk. It explains how some tactics police officers engage in U.S cities are more likely to have Latinos and African American as their sole targets far more frequently than white people. This source goes in depth about these crime prevention practices and how they are motivated by racial generalization/profiling, and denys equal protection which in turn violates the Fourth Amendment. In a short description of the book, David claimed that “Topics include disagreements over the factors accounting for lower crime rates in New York City and lawsuits challenging stop and frisk tactics bought by the Center for Constitutional Rights and American Civil LIberties Union (ACLU) public-interest groups.” Having this additional information for the documentation would be helpful.
Fallon, Kaitlyn. (2013). Stop and frisk city: How the NYPD can police itself and improve a troubled policy.(New York Police Department). Brooklyn Law Review, 79(1), 321-345.
In this article Kaitlyn Fallon talks about how the police can update and change their policies in the department and how to
help communities by having them know them as well. Mainly talking about the stop and frisk policy, she gives ideas of how the police can improve that policy and how it can help people. She thinks that the police should: (1) update the stop and frisk section of the NYPD manual, (2) eliminating the quota system, (3) amending the NYPD Unified Form 250, (4) increasing the responsibility of middle management, and (5) revising the preimand system. By changing these it would allow the NYPD to make clear to the public and police officers that specific purpose of the NYPD stop and frisk policy. This helps us to create awareness of how police uses these policies and inform civilians their rights.
La Vigne, Nancy G., Lachman, Pamela, Rao, Shebani, Matthews, Andrea, and Urban Institute, Issuing Body. Stop and Frisk : Balancing Crime Control with Community Relations. 2014. Web.
This source was picked due to contents on the inside; it contains a vast amount of information that works well with the topic we have chosen for our group project. By quickly glancing at the table of contents the reader could see the topics the book covers such as “Theory and Practice” that touch base on the intended and unintended outcomes, race relations and pedestrian stops. It also holds chapters and sub chapters such as “Navigating the Challenges of Community Policing” that delve deeper and branch off into separate sections of their own such as “Departmental challenges” and “Community challenges.” This book also contains an abundance of extra information we’d be able to incorporate as documentation for part of the project.
Matthews, Dylan. “Here’s What You Need to Know about Stop and Frisk – and Why the Courts Shut It Down.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 13 Aug. 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/13/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-stop-and-frisk-and-why-the-courts-shut-it-down/?utm_term=.5d02b34d11a4.
This article displays statistics on the demographic and race on who gets stop with stop and frisk. Fifty-three percent of blacks are stopped by the police meanwhile there only make 25 percent of New York city demographic. This article shows that in Brooklyn police trends to stop more citizen then any other borough.on the other hand, areas with the police officer least stops tend to be ones with lots of white people: Midtown, Little Italy, Chelsea and Central Park in Manhattan, and Greenpoint in Brooklyn. This information can be useful to determine the location of the performance by asking people in Brooklyn since it’s the borough that people get stopped the most. Out of 2.3 million were stopped were black only 16,000 of those case resulted in an assert or ticket. For Hispanics, 1.4 million were stopped, and 14,000 of those case resulted in an arrested or given a ticket.
NYCLU. “Stop-and-Frisk Data.” New York Civil Liberties Union, NYCLU, 27 Nov. 2018, www.nyclu.org/en/stop-and-frisk-data.
The New York Civil Liberties Union is an organization that helps defend and promote fundamental principles values from the Bill of Rights, the U.S. Constitution, and the New York Constitution. This organization has collected data to give us statistics of New York’s stop and frisk cases starting from 2002-present. The statistics show how many people have been stopped, their ethnicity, age range, and how many were innocent. This helped us with accurate statistics that was gathered in NYC. With this statistics we can show how many people of color were stopped and how many of them were innocent.
Smith, Kyle. “We Were Wrong about Stop-and-Frisk.” National Review, National Review, 3 Jan. 2018,https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/01/new-york-city-stop-and-frisk-crime-decline-conservatives-wrong/. Accessed 4 December 2018.
This source talks about how stop and frisk was a tactic of New York City police department’s tactic of promising suspects for weapons. The thought about restricting and abandon this tactic would create an increase in crimes. Truthfully, there has been lesser crimes in NYC than other areas in which people can be safer to walk in neighborhoods during the day and sometimes during the night, but it wasn’t due to the tactic of stop and frisk. There are more murders in Baltimore than NYC and with 98% of reduction of this tactic during the years that have gone by; the percentage of crimes has still decreased over time rather than increase over time. This source shows that stop and frisk isn’t that useful in terms of the reason it was created in the first place as crimes been decreasing before this policy started.
Ward, Stephanie Francis. “Stopping stop and frisk: New York City crime has been dropping for decades, but who has been paying the price?” ABA Journal, Mar. 2014, p. 38+. Academic OneFile,http://link.galegroup.com.citytech.ezproxy.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A361711577/AONE?u=cuny_nytc&sid=AONE&xid=361eaa2e.Accessed 4 Dec. 2018.
This article talks about the use of stop and frisk in the police department. The police department has long had the right to search for weapons, even during such minor and temporary detentions as traffic stops. However, having stop and frisk in place able for an officer to go a step farther. The article also stated that “in 2011 and 2012 blacks and Hispanics represented 87 percent of all people stopped by New York City police.” According to the article the purpose of stop and frisk,” is not to discover evidence of crime but to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of violence.” The article talks about some of the situations of stop and frisk. For example “11 young men were unlawfully stopped and frisked against the walls of the Bronx Defenders while one of our investigators recorded it on his phone. No contraband or weapons were found on anyone, and no arrests were made. It looked like stop-and-frisk as usual.”This article is helpful to example cases of how stop and frisk affect New Yorker.
