India, with a population of about 1.45 billion people as of September 2024 (Worldometer, 2024), is the second most populous country in the world and is expected to surpass China by 2030. The country is home to a highly diverse demographic, with over 80% of the population identifying as Hindu and more than 14% as Muslim, making it home to the third-largest Muslim population globally (Statista, 2024). Additionally, India has significant Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, and Jain communities, each contributing to the nation’s cultural richness. Linguistically, India is also diverse, with over 1,600 languages spoken, including Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, and Tamil (Census of India, 2011). The country’s demographic landscape is shaped by both its cultural diversity and rapid urbanization, with more people migrating to cities in search of better opportunities. Urbanization is increasing, with cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Bengaluru becoming key economic centers, and projections suggest that by 2031, more than 40% of India’s population will live in urban areas (UN Habitat, 2020). This shift is driving the growth of India’s middle class and creating significant demand for goods and services. India’s youthful population, with a growing working-age demographic, is a major advantage for its economy, particularly in sectors like technology and manufacturing. However, managing the needs of this large and diverse population, including providing education, healthcare, and employment, remains a major challenge for the government (UNDP, 2022). These demographic trends are not only shaping India’s internal dynamics but also its influence on the global stage.