Biology II
Circulation and Cardiovascular Systems
Ventricle – Pumps out blood (2 lower chambers)
Atrium – Receives Blood (2 upper chambers)
Fish 2 Chambers
Frog 3 Chambers (2 atriums, 1 ventricle)
Bird 4 Chambers (2 atriums, 2 ventricles)
Septum – Separates the heart into left and right
Muscle contractions help pump the blood little by little throughout the body
Superior Vena Cava – Pumps upper blood into left ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava – Pumps lower blood into right ventricle
Heart Blood Route
SV,IV – RA – RV – PA – PV – LA – LV – Body System
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid valve between left atrium and ventricle
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve between ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta
Pulmonary Circuit – takes poor oxygen to the lungs and returns rich blood to the heart
Systematic Circuit – takes rich blood from the heart to tissues throughout the body returning poor oxygen blood to the heart through venae cavae
Liver detoxifies
Kidney filters
Systole – heart contraction
Diastole – heart relaxation
Sinoatrial node
Epinephrine hormone helps with relaxation
120/80 normal blood pressure (systolic and diastolic)
(LDL) Low Density Lypo protein – Good Cholesterol
(HDL) High Density Lypo protein – Bad Cholesterol
Biology II Review Test 3
– Characteristics of animal? Vertebrate and invertebrate?
Animals, fungi, and plants are all multicellular eukaryotes , but unlike plants, which make their food through photosynthesis. Vertebrates at some point of their lives have a spinal cord, whereas invertebrates don’t have a backbone.
– Characteristics of sponges?
Sponges are the only animal to lack true tissues and to have only a cellular level of organization. They produce asexually by budding (multiplying)
– Animal with circulatory system?*
– The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells
The only animal which does the above are sponges
– Characteristics of cnidaria
Sea anemones, jelly fish, corals are all cnidaria’s specialized in stinging cells around the body in order to function as a carnivore
– Mode of infection by flat worm and fluke worm
Similar to cnidarians having a single opening, no body cavity. Fluke worms inhabit liver, lung , and blood flukes
– Organisms contacting both sex organs within the same organisms.
Worms way of reproducing, inverted sex organs to reproduce
– Protostome, mouth develops before the anus in the embryo
– Deuterostome, anus develops before the mouth in the embryo
– Types of characteristics of tissue (woven)
Epithelial Tissue (lines body cavities and covers body surfaces)
+ Simple
+ Stratified
+ Glandular
Connective Tissue
+ Fibrous
+ Supportive
+ Fluid
Muscular Tissue
+ Smooth
+ Cardiac
Nervous Tissue
+ Neurons
specialized cell that has 3 parts, dendrite is a process has conducts signals to the cell body. axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
+ Neuroglia
supports and nourishes the neurons
– Which tissue contains goblet cells?
Columnar epithelium
– What type of fiber accounts for the strength of various connective tissues?
Collagen
– What type of tissue is striated, contains cells with one nucleus, and is not under voluntary control?
Cardiac muscle
– The correct sequence of increasing organizational complexity is
cell, tissue, organ , organ system, organism
– What type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces?
epithelial tissue
– What type of tissue contracts and accounts for movements of organs of the entire body?
muscular tissue
– What type of tissue is bone and cartilage?
connective tissue
– Functions of the skin
covers the body, protecting underlying parts. equipped with sensory structures that monitor touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
– Exocrine glands secrete products into the surface of the skin and are classified as epithelial tissue
– Exocrine glands
glands which secrete their product into ducts
– Endocrine glands
are glands with no duct
– Body fluids-blood lymph, hemolymph *
– Homeostasis
all organ systems of animals contribute to homeostasis, allows the organism to keep a constant internal environment
– Which has a four-chambered heart like humans?
Birds/Reptiles
– Which of these white blood cells are phagocytosis
macrophage
– How many chambers are there in the human heart?
Four Chambers
– The valve between the left ventricle and aorta is called: the semilunar valves
– The importance of coronary arteries
when there’s plaque a heart attack is more likely to occur
– Which type of blood component is involved in the initiation of clotting?
Platelets
– The structure that absorbs nutrients from the small intestines and delivers the nutrients in the blood to the liver is called the
hepatic portal vein
– Major cardiovascular disorders
Hypertension – High blood pressure
Atherosclerosis – Accumulation of fatty materials be the inner linings of arteries
Stroke – A distribution of blood supply to the brain
Heart Attack – Coronary artery becomes completely blocked
– What is the correct order of blood flow through the cardiovascular system?
Heart – artery – arterioles – capillaries – venules – veins
– What is the main difference between blood and hemolymph
Blood is always contained within the blood vessels while lymph fills the body cavity.
– Blood groups
A, B, AB, O
– Which of the following cardiovascular diseases is caused by a narrowing of the arteries causing the heart to work harder when pumping?
Hypertension
The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Immunity – The capability of removing or killing foreign substances (Provide physical and chemical)
Lymphatic System – works closely with the cardiovascular and immune systems, provide innate immunity
– Lymphatic capillaries absorb a lot of tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
– In the small intestine, lymphatic
– Innate immunity
Lymphatic System Orgsns
– Red bone marrow
– Thymus gland
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– Tonsils
– Peyer patches
– Vermiform appendix
Histamine – mainly secreted by tissue dwelling cells of the innate immune system called mast cells
Innate defenses
– barriers to entry
– protective proteins
– phagocytes and natural killer cells
– inflammatory response
Neutrophils – prevents bacteria
Eosinophils – prevents parasites
Interferon (cytokines) – used to treat cancer
Anything that has to go through immune system is an antigen
Lymphocytes produce antibody(protein)
Acquired Immunity
B cell produced antibodies
T cell (helper cell) helps B cell produce antibodies
Cytotoxic T cell kills virus infected cells
HIV Infections
– infects immune cells (lymphocytes/T cells)
– T cell count will decrease
– Cancer killing cells are reduced
– Causes immune deficiency
Adaptive Immunity
– Antibody from mother (Passive)
– Vaccination consists of inactive diseases (Active)
Auto-immune Disease
When some cells become abnormal, the immune system will recognize them as abnormal and try to get rid of them (works against own)
Examples:
Organ Transplantation Rejection
Xenotransplantation – transplantation of animal tissues and organs into humans
Biology Review Test IV
– Differences between vertebrate and invertebrate immune system
– Antigens
B cell receptors bond directly to antigens, these divide and result in adaptive immunity
– Antibodies
plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies
– Lymphoid Organs
red bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer patches, and vermiform appendix
– Inflammation Symptoms
redness heat swelling pain and loss of function
– B lymphocytes
responsible for humoral immunity relating to antibodies
– T lymphocytes
are involved in cell mediated immunity
– Which statement is not true of T cells
T cells change into plasma cells and produce antibodies when stimulated
– Which kind of T cell is most important in the removal of cancer cells or virally infected cells?
cytotoxic T cells
– Maturation of T cells occurs in the
thymus lymphoid organ
– Non specific defenses against disease include
physical barriers, protein defenses, cellular defenses, inflammation, and fever
– Which of the following T cells are mismatched with their functions?
memory t cells mediate apoptosis
– Is the first line of defense against invading microorganism is nonspecific?
skin is the first line of defense
– Which adaptive immune response is stronger?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
– Interferons function in immune response?
Cytokines a collection of plasma bonds to virus cell and kill it
– Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
type 2 diabetes
– Which of the followings are part of the innate immune response?
basophils monocytes lymphocytes neutrophils
– Which of the following type of WBC are important to kill bacteria?
neutrophils
– HIV infection causes destruction to which of the following type of blood cells?
helper T-cells
– Which of the following is called passive immunity?
occurs when an individual received another persons antibodies
may be used to prevent illness Ina patient who has been exposed to ferris infectious agents or toxins
– Autoimmune disease?
immune system mistakenly attacks their body’s own cells or molecules
– Salivary gland
secrete saliva and contain digestive enzyme for carbohydrates
– salivary amylase
initiates starch digestion
– Chyme is produced in
the mixing movements of the stomach wall aid in producing a semi fluid paste of food particles and gastric juice
– which of the following is the function of the mouth in the digestion of food?
teeth chew food; tongue tasted and pushed food for chewing and swallowing
– _______ is contained in the pancreatic juice to neutralize the acidity of chyme from the stomach
sodium bicarbonate
– An example of an animal with an incomplete gut is
planarian
– Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the
epiglottis
– Which of the following human digestive enzymes is NOT matched to its substrate?
trypsin-nucleic acid
– The digestive juices found in the stomach include
pancreatic and salivary amylase
trypsin and Maltese
– Accessory organ of digestion?
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
– The function of the human stomach (Small intestine and large intestine)
small intestine (major site of digestion and absorption of food and nutrients)
large intestine (absorption of waste and salts; storage of waste; secretions of
mucus; absorption of vitamin k)
– In the body glucose is stored in the liver as
glycogen
– in humans digestion of starches begins in the
mouth
– The finger-poor projections along the surface of the small intestines are called
villi
– microvilli serve to
increase the surface area of villus for the absorption of nutrients
– amino acids and essential amino acids?
adequate protein formation requires 20 different types of amino acids
nine essential amino acids are required in the diet
– Which digestive enzyme is produced in the pancreas and is responsible for the breakdown of protein into peptides?
HCL and pepsin stomach is about 2.0ph
– Pancreas as a gland
– Functions of gall bladder
stores bile from liver; sends it to the small intestine
– Digestive enzymes-lipase, Maltese, pepsin, trypsin etc.
salivary amylase (starch + h2o -> maltose)
pepsin (protein + h2o -> peptides)
pancreatic amylase (starch + h2o -> maltose)
trypsin (protein + h2o -> peptides)
Maltese (maltose + h2o -> glucose + glucose)
peptides (peptides + h2o -> amino acids)
bile salts (fat -> fat droplets)
fat droplets + h2o -> glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
– function of glucagon and insulin
hormones to regulate blood glucose levels
– bacteria present in the large intestine is important/ causes:
breaks down indigestible material and produces vitamins (K) needed for clotting
– function of liver?
detoxification of the blood
storage of iron and some vitamins
production of plasma proteins
regulation of blood glucose levels
production of urea
removal and storage of iron and vitamins
production of bile
removal of bilirubin
regulation of blood control
– which of the following in the benefit of having fibers in your food?
stimulates movement in the large intestine, preventing constipation
– which of the following is the correct sequence of human digestive tracts?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine , anus
Marine Boney Fish
passive loss of water through gills
drink sea water
Freshwater Fish
passive gain water through gills
does not drink water
Osmoregulation by Terrestrial Vertebrates
Sea Birds salt excreting glands are near the eyes
Human Urinary System
human kidney – 3 major components, renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis
urinary bladder
Nephron
composed of over 1 million tiny tubules, it produces the urine
