Category: Research Project

Symbiosis is a very interesting thing in nature, two or more parties benefiting from one another in some way, shape, or form. Although a lot of these relationships can vary from being equal to completely one sided. This type of phenomena not only apply to organic creatures like plants and animals, but it can also apply to more abstract ones like machines and humans. Science fiction has offered a lens into how we live, explore, and discover things about the universe while also commenting on today and tomorrow. So, what happens when we look at these Symbiotic relationships through the realm of science fiction? From parasites feeding off of host, to people becoming cyborgs symbiosis put in perspective how we react, learn, or influence one another.

For this project (proposal), I will be talking about different types of symbiosis and looking through various sources across the medium of science fiction. By the end I will draw the connection between these examples and show how symbiosis can change the way we perceive life.

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-symbiosis.html

“Examples Of Symbiosis: Types Of Relationships In Nature”. Examples.Yourdictionary.Com, 2020, https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-symbiosis.html.

There are myriad of symbiotic relationships that go beyond just one side benefiting more than the other there are about five different types in total. There’s mutualism where both parties benefit from each other, think your basic you clean me I feed relationship. Commensalism where it’s more for one sided relationship or neutral between one party and the symbiote. Parasitism is your classic one species requires a host to live off of where all too familiar with. But then there are also things like competition symbiosis, where even though they compete for resources there actually dependent on each other to help each other, kind of like having predators hunt for a meal and then the scavengers get to feed without having to fight large game. Finally there is predication an herbivory where one Organism feeds off another one another, basically when one animal plant or another animal eat another animal. At first it doesn’t seem like a symbiotic relationship but it’s beneficial for both parties in terms of everything coming full circle to feed one another.

https://medium.com/hello-tomorrow/the-human-machine-symbiosis-3aa11b66eae5

“The Human-Machine Symbiosis”. Medium, 2020, https://medium.com/hello-tomorrow/the-human-machine-symbiosis-3aa11b66eae5.

When most people think of symbiosis, they mostly think of symbiotic relationships they often think more organic ones like humans, plants, and animals. But one of the more interesting pairs would be between man machine, i.e. the cyborg. There are robotics and neuroscience companies working together to create artificial limbs, organs, and autonomous devices that link with the brain. This way it can give the otherwise disabled control over body parts to help them live, while also provide important research in field of neuroscience and how we can constantly improve upon it.

https://the-artifice.com/parasyte-analysis/

“Parasyte: Exploration Of What It Means To Be Human | The Artifice”. The-Artifice.Com, 2020, https://the-artifice.com/parasyte-analysis/.

One of my favorite anime of all time is called “Parasyte: the Maxim” its about these alien parasites blending into society and murdering/devouring people. The main character gets infected through his hand and now must live a symbiotic relationship while fighting other parasites. The thing about this show is that it asks the question of what means to be human and overtime as the relationship between the protagonist and the symbiotic grow. They start to learn from and influence each other’s thoughts and actions until they’re pretty much in sync.

https://www.marvel.com/characters/venom-eddie-brock/in-comics

“Venom (Eddie Brock) In Comics Powers, Villains, History | Marvel”. Marvel Entertainment, 2020, https://www.marvel.com/characters/venom-eddie-brock/in-comics.

One of the most well-known symbiotes of all time is venom from the Marvel comic series. he comes from a race of aliens known as the “Symbiotes” ironically and there one mission is to travel the galaxy reproduce and heal people. The only thing is they also take characteristics from host to host so one person could be a hero and then the next person could be insane which leads us to the current day incarnation. Venom helped cure his current host’s cancer but in exchange they go out and eat people. But being influence by the many hosts over the years he finds himself playing as more a chaotic neutral character.

https://screenrant.com/upgrade-movie-ending-stem-explained/2/

“Upgrade Movie Ending & STEM Explained”. Screenrant, 2020, https://screenrant.com/upgrade-movie-ending-stem-explained/2/.

Upgrade is a movie about a man who’s against technology who get paralyzed from the neck down tracking his wife’s killer. He gets a chip implanted in his body to help him walk, fight, and attach weapons to his body all controlled by an Ai. The only twist is that the ai is smart and self-aware enough of his existence to trick him into taking over his mind and body. A lot of the time ai in sci-fi is either trying to kill everyone or just badly coded machines trying learn how to be human, but with this movie he actively sets out to become human by any means necessary just feel more human, putting in perspective how some relationships can be just a means to an end.

Film Analysis: The Blob (1958) | bulb (bulbapp.com)

“The Blob: Film Analysis”. Bulbapp.Com, 2020, https://www.bulbapp.com/u/the-blob-film-analysis.

The Blob is a movie about an alien substance crashing to earth and slowly but surely starts to feed on the inhabitance of earth. When it comes to this type of symbiosis it’s knows as predation where an organism feeds off another organism in order tell, think the circle of life. What make this different from parasites is that the blob is self-sufficient enough to survive without a host and eats humans to keep expanding rather than spread its offspring.

“Symbiosis In Human Relationship”. Relationships-Explained.Com, 2020, https://www.relationships-explained.com/Symbiosis.html#:~:text=In%20a%20relationship%20with%20a,of%20ego%20states%20between%20them.

When it comes to humans our relationships are a lot more complicated than most organisms, but no matter the label you slap on it we all are involved with some form of symbiosis. According to this study what are the main factors when it comes to symbiosis between humans is the concept of our ego. When two or more parties’ egos start to collide with each other negatively, it results in a less flexible type of relationship. However, If both parties manage to take on stable roles when it comes to this symbiosis it results in society becoming more and more comfortable with conflicting ideals and roles.

“Dr. Stone Manga Review”. Medium, 2020, https://medium.com/@nomadomen4/dr-stone-manga-review-4706f7bc8b3d#:~:text=Created%20by%20Riichiro%20Inagaki%20and,experiment%20in%20the%20science%20room.

In the anime/manga “Dr. Stone” all the humans of the world get petrified for thousands of years and modern society reverts to nature. Now task with the responsibility of restarting civilization a young scientist (Senku) must create a cure from scratch while also figuring out the mystery of their petrification. Throughout the story Senku faces a bunch of different enemies who all have one goal in mind, restart society in their image by any means necessary. As weird as it may sound this is an example of a competition symbiotic relationship being that many of these characters are fighting over this one resource (the miracle water), and doing so they’re constantly trying to create an inventions and fight the other side. This competition breeds innovation to a point where they’re building phones from rocks and armor from paper all to gain control over the miracle water.

Reflection

In turns of my proposal then versus now, it was more of an unfocused concept I only scratched hour could be possible. Sure, everybody knows about symbiosis and some of the types of symbiotic relationships, but with my original proposal it was more focused on why parasitic symbiotic relationships are are used in science fiction. The only problem with that was it was more of a negative connotation headset from saying that science fiction depicts it as only a revolting thing. So rather than lean into one direction I’m goanna address it as a whole and relate it back to our perception to the world and the way we look at sci-fi.

Revised Proposal:

Have you ever thought of how machines affect society? There are many who fear that as machines get smarter, humans will become unnecessary. Many Sci Fi films depict that machines will take over and humans will be extinct, an example would be Terminator. There are some friendly versions, in the Sci Fi film WALL-E, machines are doing all the work while the humans relax. New technology is being created but how are people being affected? With new technological innovations there consequences like culture lag. Cultural lag is when culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems. 

Cultural lag has been around for many centuries. With advancements of technology, society must be able to adapt or cultural lag could happen. Failing to adapt to new technology leads to many controversies for society. An example of such would be Stem cells being proven to defeat a host of diseases but it comes from unborn fetuses. It’s a conflict between medical advancement, the law, and ethical beliefs. Being able to cure diseases but ethics and other beliefs prevents such. If technology is to advance and become part of society, humans must be ready to embrace and accept it.

The question for the project is how do machines affect society? I tried to be more specific than just how is the relationship with man and machine? It still feels kind of broad. I still trying to connect cultural lag and the development of machines.

Sources:

“What Are the Effects of Cultural Lag on Society?” ThoughtCo, www.thoughtco.com/cultural-lag-3026167. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020.

This article is very helpful in explaining the effects of cultural lag.

Lillington, Karlin. “Why Society Isn’t Ready for the High-Tech Future That Is Fast Approaching.” The Irish Times, 15 Nov. 2018, www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/why-society-isn-t-ready-for-the-high-tech-future-that-is-fast-approaching-1.3698036.

“3 Ways Robots Affect the Economy.” Investopedia, www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/091316/3-ways-robots-affect-economy.asp. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020.

Proposal:

The last 50 years of human history have been plagued with issues ranging from racism to homophobia, but when media became more mainstream and movies and television became available worldwide, it brings the question could this mainstream media be a tool to address many of these issues. Many works of writing have influenced society, but television and movies give a visual perspective of the story and for many people, it was easier to understand and analyze.

Star Trek has been around since the 1960s and it has come a long way since its original series, but throughout the franchise, they have used episodes to address certain issues or use allegorical references to discuss certain topics. Tv and movies have become the modern outlet for science fiction and Star Trek and like many other works of science fiction, try to incorporate real-life situations and events Into their episodes or movie. For Example, in Star Trek white lead kissing a black woman was unheard of and like many other issues, Star Trek wanted to push the Barriers of race, religion, ethics, and science.

Sources:

Books, Photograph courtesy National Geographic, and Photograph courtesy CBS/National Geographic Books. ‘Star Trek’ Is Right About Almost Everything. 16 June 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/06/star-trek-science-space-astronomy-technology-fazekas/.

Dunbar, Brian. “The Science of Star Trek.” NASA, NASA, 18 July 2016, www.nasa.gov/topics/technology/features/star_trek.htm

Halter, Casey. “8 Ways Star Trek Helped Change Science and the Future as We Know It.” SYFY WIRE, SYFY WIRE, 2 Jan. 2019, www.syfy.com/syfywire/8-ways-star-trek-helped-change-science-and-the-future-as-we-know-it.

One of the reasons people love space travel is because of the unknown element. While society is still even today at the beginning of space travel, there are still logistics to figure out and in this article, a discussion of the logistics of space travel is heavily talked about. This is important to the research paper because it further discusses how world-building in Star Trek has helped scientists even today create a plan for what to do if Humans were able to travel across the stars.

Howell, Elizabeth. “Star Trek: History & Effect on Space Technology.” Space.com, Space, 12 July 2018, www.space.com/31802-star-trek-space-tech.html.

This article focuses mainly on the first Star Trek series released in 1966, which is focused on space exploration and exploring new worlds. It discusses how much of the original show was also created as allegories to discuss the major issues in the 1960s. This is important to the paper because it goes into the social and cultural effects that this franchise has had on society as well as the need to explore space.

Kassé, Sam. “Worldbuilding in a Novel: 120+ World Building Questions to Get It Right.” Self Publishing School, 12 Nov. 2020, self-publishingschool.com/worldbuilding/.

This article dives into the techniques for world-building and how creating a fictional world is not a simple feat and requires excessive planning, but the harder issue is to expand a created world without creating plot holes or losing the theme of the fictional world. This article is helpful to this topic because it addresses the struggles in world-building and helps show how the Star Trek franchise has expanded successfully and maintained its theme of space exploration and united peace.

Mission. “A Look Into The Future: The Value of Science Fiction.” Medium, Mission.org, 12 Apr. 2019, medium.com/the-mission/a-look-into-the-future-the-value-of-science-fiction-3ac1519de7d9.

In this piece, they talk about the many great sayings of famous science fiction writers. For example, Issac Asimov said “No sensible decision can be made any longer without taking into account not only the world as it is but the world as it will be.” This like much of the article addresses whether science fiction could be a tool to address major issues. This is important to the research paper because like many articles this helps uncover the true nature of science fiction and the relevance it has in everyday life.

Proposal:
The complexity of human interaction can’t be categorized with a single adjective, it can’t be seen or felt yet our emotions are the closest we can ever hope to understand each other. Society often tries to shove the conversation of emotions into the closet because of the stigma that emotions are a sign of weakness. People usually end up perpetually running away from these emotions or growing unable to control them entirely because of their fear of ever speaking up in the first place. Mental health issues in the United States are dire according to the National Institute of Mental health “Nearly one in five U.S. adults live with a mental illness (51.5 million in 2019)” 

Science fiction is usually seen as an escape to the people who can’t face the realities of life. This perspective is partially true. Science fiction can be an escape but it doesn’t help us avoid reality it helps science fiction fanatics view reality from a different lens. Empathizing with the main character and trying to solve their issues along the way is how science fictions helps viewers relate to real world scenarios. All these ideas lead to the question how can we use science fiction to better understand empathy that can be used to react in real world scenarios. In other words how can we interact and shape the real world from the lessons and emotions that we learned through characters. 

Sources:

Ruiz, Liliana. “ “Her” and The Loneliness We All Share” onbeing.org, 15 Jan. 2014, https://onbeing.org/blog/her-and-the-loneliness-we-all-share/

Ruiz gives a quick summary of the movie “Her” by Spike Jonze where the main character Theodore is a sweet and caring guy who is going through a hard time in divorcing his childhood sweetheart. Out of loneliness Theodore buys an OS which is an operating system that is an assistant that answers emails, organized files but also does much more by being a companion. Theodore and the OS Samantha become more intimate and leads to a relationship. Ruiz then goes to explain the depth of their relationship and how Theodore was able to tell her his most intimate secrets saying “Sometimes I think I’ve felt everything I’m ever gonna feel, and from here on out I’m not going to feel anything new, just lesser versions of what I’ve already felt.” Which goes to show the true numbness that Theodore has felt from his sudden divorce and the inability to find companionship in this world turning to a robot to mend emotions too complex. Samantha on the other hand gives perspective on what it is to feel emotions for the first time while being conscious. Samantha says “Earlier I was thinking about how I was annoyed, and this is going to sound strange, but I was really excited about that. And then I was thinking about the other things I’ve been feeling, and I caught myself feeling proud of that. You know, proud of having my own feelings about the world. Like the times I was worried about you, things that hurt me, things I want. And then I had this terrible thought. Are these feelings even real? Or are they just programming? And that idea really hurts. And then I get angry at myself for even having pain. What a sad trick.”this shows the complexity of Samantha’s emotions how she goes through happiness, anger, sadness and excitement. This connects to our humans emotions because sometimes we feel like this jumble of emotions and Samantha being an OS something that knows everything and yet knows so little of what it really means to be humans shows us how our crazy jumble of emotions are just part of being human. 

“Robot ‘Wall-E’ Holds Unexpected Message About Love in Animated Film” Voice of America, 1 Nov. 2009 https://www.voanews.com/archive/robot-wall-e-holds-unexpected-message-about-love-animated-film

The article explains how Wall-E is a gentle reminder to care about each other and to care about the planet. Describing the characters Wall-E and Eve as being expressive through their sounds saying every whirl and beep matters. The reason that Wall-E and Eve were robots in the first place was to have them fight over the meaning of life. The co-writer and director of Wall-E states “We all have our habits, our routines, and our programmed things that we fall into to distract ourselves from really living. They are not necessarily bad or evil in and of themselves. It’s just that we can use that as a crutch to fill up our day and avoid the act of having relationships and contacting one another.” This is important because not only is that shown by Wall-E and Eve’s programming to do their tasks and nothing more it’s shown by the mindless people in the film who don’t interact or care anymore about anything but themselves. The emotions of two robots falling in love show us that maybe stepping out of that routine and habits can make us live life and feel love. These robots make a relationship without any dialogue and compels humans to understand how little is needed to actually feel love. 

Blust, Christina. “HONORING GRIEF: BIG HERO 6” The Live Sincerely Project, 16 Dec. 2014 http://thelivesincerelyproject.com/2014/12/16/honoring-grief-big-hero-6/

In this article Christina Blust summarizes the movie “Big Hero 6” an animated marvel movie. The main characters are Hiro and his closest companion Baymax.They get involved in a dangerous plot because of unexpected events leading Hiro, Baymax and 5 other friends of Hiro’s brother to become a group of high-tech heroes. Hiro is the main character due to him having to face a devastating event, which is losing his older sibling Tadashi. Baymax is a robot created by Hiro’s brother Tadashi, his only purpose is to take care of people, he is very sweet, gentle and incredibly huggable. Hiro has to deal with grief and loss of his older brother but he also gets taken care of by Baymax who not only is a creation of his brother but “a loving supportive, healthy support for Hiro”. This is relevant to my article because the love and support from Baymax to Hiro grieving over his brother connects to human emotions and how people feel during the grief of losing someone. It gives a perspective that not all things can be replaced and sometimes you have to carry that feeling with you. Baymax is the coping mechanism to his grief showing the viewers that sometimes their feelings of loss need to be expressed. 

Ho, Stella. “Ignorance is bliss: Heartbreak, memory in ‘Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind’” The Daily Californian, 18 Oct. 2019 https://www.dailycal.org/2019/10/18/ignorance-is-bliss-eternal-sunshine-of-the-spotless-mind/

In the article Ho speaks on the deep emotions all humans feel through the lens created by the movie Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind. The author gives her own personal experience in how the passing of her grandfather made her mother block out the memory of his death and she refuses to try and remember to cope with the grief. She says it doesn’t keep her mother happy but she chooses to accept ignorance then to face sorrow. The article ends talking about Joel and Clementines relationship and their reunion and explains how there are some memories, people or events that you can’t eliminate your emotions from. This is relevant to my article because science fiction through the usage of memory deletion gives us a perspective of what would happen if we forgot the painful memories in our lives. It would end up removing the things we know and we would be in a cycle of falling into our emotions with no explanation. In the broadest terms this article states that you can’t run away from emotions unless they will surely fall back into the same pattern of behavior. 

Lee, Joseph M.D. “Science Fiction & Science Fact: What They Tell Us About Our Emotions” Mental Healthiness, 2015. https://www.google.com/amp/s/mentalhealthiness.com/2016/03/29/science-fiction-science-fact-what-they-tell-us-about-our-emotions/amp/

Dr. Lee mentions how science fiction has been a representation of our emotional state in society. He also relates movies like Star Trek with the responsibility of changing people’s perspective on emotions as we progress to a society with more understanding. The article begins with Star Trek in 1966 surrounded by high tensions with Russia and constant war with Vietnam and the beginning of the space race and the peak of the civil right movement. Star Trek was set 300 years in the future with an Earth that was a multicultural and gender equality society with other species besides humans. The show was optimistic which was a well needed change for the extremely high tensions that we felt during the 1960’s. The emotions drove science fiction to represent the complete opposite view to give views some hope. He also explains how in Star Trek there was a scene in the original where a character Spock sacrifices himself as his friend Kirk watches. Spock stays stoic as he dies and Kirk cries and is viewed as weak. The reboot in 2009 is later shown to reverse the roles Kirk sacrifices himself and Spock watches and unlike him to stay stoic and poised he loses it at the sight of his lost friend. This article shows the impact that emotions have when displayed in science fiction as it has a greater impact on how we view these emotions in society and as a society we have an impact of how science fiction responds to the emotions we resonate at the time period. 

Bark, Patricia. Stewart, Maria. Moll, Jeorge. “Training Your Emotional Brain: From Science Fiction to Neuroscience” Frontiers for young minds, 23 Sep. 2016 https://kids.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frym.2016.00021

The research done by this group of scientists focuses on turning science fiction into a reality. The concept of the movie Blade Runner (which I have never watched) takes place in the year 2019 where androids made or artificial materials become so similar to humans they can’t be distinguished. A device was the only way to tell the difference between the androids and humans which measured empathy. This concept was turned into a real experiment where they recruited 24 people who were placed in an MRI and told to think about people they loved and to feel warm feelings such as affection. Then they would be scanned again while looking at images that represented their brain activity in a process called neurofeedback. The neurofeedback group was actually found to be able to increase their empathic feelings compared to the control groups who saw no change. This experiment shows the probability that in the future people will know how to change their emotional state based on how their brain works. This is important to my research because it shows the literal ways that science fiction allows us to better understand our own emotions. A concept from a movie was taken and scientists discovered how we can control our emotions even better than we ever believed. Truly bringing Blade Runner’s device a little bit closer to a reality. 

Jones, Esther. “Science fiction builds mental resiliency in young readers” The Conversation, 11 May 2020. https://www.google.com/amp/s/theconversation.com/amp/science-fiction-builds-mental-resiliency-in-young-readers-135513

Esther Jones, an associate Professor of English speaks about the stigma of children reading science fiction. The concept that science fiction is a genre for “geeks who can’t cope with reality”. Jones argues this viewpoint saying that it’s quite the opposite to our understanding as it gives children critical thinking skills and emotional intelligence. These characteristics are developed in children through the process called “dual empathy” which is engaging in the challenging issues in the story while “feeling through” characters. Jones also says that science fiction doesn’t limit a reader because people don’t only learn by “mirror-image reflections of reality” but young readers can learn from these stories to think of out of the box ways to engage reality through science. Through the increase of mental health issues readers have a reality overload and science fiction gives “critical distance” from real life issues while giving readers a way to grasp the same big concepts of today. This is important to my research as professor Jones states how through science fiction children are learning how to deal with reality in different ways as they read and feel emotions through the characters and go on a journey of challenges through the story they gain the emotional intelligence and resilience to respond in the real world. 

Asiajgrant, “Empathy or Pity: Racialization and Alienation in Sci-Fi” vusf.world press.com, 10 Oct 2019. https://www.google.com/amp/s/vusf.wordpress.com/2019/10/10/empathy-or-pity-racialization-and-alienation-in-sci-fi/amp/

This article is a little different; it’s more of an opinion piece or question but it brings a good counter argument. This blog says how characters in science fiction are usually given human qualities and at the same time dehumanized. In science fiction that means anything from their bodies being made of metal, or literal aliens they are given qualities that humans lack making a marginalization between us and the characters. The question arises whether the feeling of “empathy” we have is actually pity that is given to characters to feel more human or as the author said “Is it empathy or pity that is supposed to breed more acceptance? Does the difference matter?” This is important to my research because it gives a good counter argument for empathy being mistaken for feelings of pity. 

Reflection: 

In this essay I have been struggling with finding my true proposal. I feel like I need to narrow it down more and don’t feel too secure about my topic. I’m unsure about whether I only want to say that science fiction affects us as humans and our understanding without bringing up the concept that the emotions that we feel today as a society affect science fiction as well. Emotions in science fiction are a two way lane and I feel the importance of telling the perspective of both sides. At the same time I feel that if I explain myself well enough in how it affects humans and how that can change the world itself it won’t be necessary. 

I believed that what I did well was my research. I feel as if I can see the idea that emotions really do have an effect on the people that read them. Research has been done from the concepts of understanding emotions through science fiction to get to these conclusions. I also believe that a lot of this is through personal experience and how movies have interacted with my emotions therefore I have a better grasp at how science fiction affects emotions. The importance of the impact movies like “HER” and the “eternal sunshine of the spotless mind” have left me with new perspectives on my own emotions. The research I’ve conducted transmits the same values that I hold from these movies and how other people feel these emotions. 

Research Question-How may the idea of the multiverse be affected by time?

Multiverse theory is the idea that the universe we live in is not the only one, and that there is an infinite number of universes that may be similar to our own, or drastically different. Multiverses can also be affected by time, which is created through the ‘Parallel timeline theory’, in which every choice you have possibly not made, has a universe in which you did make that choice. The reason that it is believed that there is an infinite amount of universes is merley because of speculation and is not really set in stone because of some scientist not accepting the idea. 

Time is also very important, as time can determine how advanced something is, how complex something is, durability, etc.Different universes are also said to be affected by time differently within their own spaces, examples include Spiderman 2099, a comic book universe that, while existing at the same time as the main Marvel universe, takes place in the future. There are also multiple versions of this future, all affected by time travel and all resulting in a new world being born.

For my project I want to talk about the different types of multiverses and how they are influenced by time,, as well as how time may flow in each of these other universes. I would like to explore the idea of Quantum physics and how that may come into play in our own universe, as well as multiple universes existing at the same time, but being at different points in time. 

Annotated Bibliography

Marvel Publication, “Marvel Comics” New York City, 1939

Marvel Comics is a viewing of all Marvel comic books as a whole. Because there are so many, it is difficult to list every single universe that they have. However, an example of 2 would be the 616 main Marvel Universe, 1610 Ultimate Universe which are parallel to each other. 

Kuhn, Robert Lawrence. “Confronting the Multiverse: What ‘Infinite Universes’ Would Mean.” Space.com. Space, December 23, 2015. https://www.space.com/31465-is-our-universe-just-one-of-many-in-a-multiverse.html. 

This source goes into debt about whatmultiverse theory and the aspects behind it. This source applies scientific reasoning towards the topic, as well as certain aspects of science into how this theory may be supported such as quantum physics, as well as the aspect of different types of multiverse that there may be. 

Insider, Tech. “Multiverse Theory, Explained.” YouTube. YouTube, January 3, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVvcOQk6G0Q. 

This video quickly talks about multiverse theory and its properties in a much simpler way for the general public to understand. The video is done by astronomer Staurt Clark, who talks about the problems that could be solved based on this theory and applying physics to it. 

Howell, Elizabeth. “Parallel Universes: Theories & Evidence.” Space.com. Space, May 10, 2018. https://www.space.com/32728-parallel-universes.html. 

This source is basically an argument to why parallel universes exist. Parallel universes are multiverse more so affected by time, or in more simpler terms they are universes created by choices we may or make not make. These universe may be exactly the same as our own, up until their own event no matter what it is causing a branch. 

Biba, Erin. “What Is Time? One Physicist Hunts for the Ultimate Theory.” Wired. Conde Nast. Accessed December 3, 2020. https://www.wired.com/2010/02/what-is-time/. 

This source focuses on the aspect of time and what it is. It is done as an interview in which theoretical physicist Sean Carroll sat with Wired.com and was asked a multitude of questions about time and our multiverse, such as his idea that there was something before the Big Bang, how branching universes could have different aspects of time and how they are defined in that universe differently, as well infinite universes, in the past, present and future.